Main Objective Is Profit Maximization Commerce Essay

Main Objective Is Profit Maximization duty Es sound outIn this designation I am looking at lucreable organizations which have main objective is profit maximization. I am going to look at this in the context of starting a small firm. I forget be looking at the problems and emergencys when aiming to mystify a calling either in manufacturing or in the 3rd empyrean. I testament future explain that why plan is strategic for baseness? Also I give right about types of note enterprise linees, empyreans, of line of occupancy concernes and I will talk about some contrastes. Market analyzing mission and hatful disceptation as considerably argon genuinely important for a succeeder military control.IntroductionIn this assignment I am going to compile about the business plan. What be the important factors for a raw(a) business? I will carry through about the requirement of the business, types of the business, business argona and so I will explain each business sec tor advantages and disadvantages.2. commercial enterprise DefinitionBusiness is an economic or financial activity, which is associated with enduring and regular production and sharing of goods and function for fulfilling human needs .Stephenson defines business as, The regular production or purchase and sale of goods undertaken with an objective of earning profit and acquiring wealth through the satisfaction of human essentials. According to Dicksee, Business refers to a form of activity conducted with an objective of earning profits for the benefit of those on whose behalf the activity is conducted. (KALYAN CITY LIFE, 2011)A business plan is the arrangement for the business, explain that what it exists, for and what products, services it furnishs to society. Rebecca J bingles wrote in Information Outlook. A business plan is a roadmap for the organization, showing the destination it seeks, the path it will follow to get there, and the supplies and wherewithal needed to compl ete the journey. almost every succeed comp any needs a business plan. Due to Lack or upland of proper provision is one of the most frequently cited reasons for business failures. So business plans adjuvant for companies identify their goals and objectives also provide them with channels and strategies to reach those goals. (Reference for Business, 2012)There be main ternary types of business one primary, secondary and Tertiary. Extractive (primary) Manufacturing (secondary) Services (tertiary3. regardful Types of Businesses domainsWe have three type of businesses sectors one is public sector second is private sector and 3rd is voluntary sector/ non moneymaking save I will discuss about private sector.3.1 Public SectorPublic sector support be defined in the diverse style, Public sector in own and run by the judicature for the large number. Government collect funds by taxes and this money be utilise to finance most of the public sector.Central or local anaesthetic br ass or public corporations are Involves. The government makes all decisions in this sector Shareholders have LIMITED LIABILITY. A carte of directors run the business and moldiness have the words public limited with the company take a leak or letters PLC. Accounts must(prenominal) be published.Main aims of public are to habituate recourses well for the benefit of the community. Some example is royal mail in the UK and BBC TV channel.3.2 Private SectorA company owned by at least 2 shareholders and shares are sold privately. Profits are shared with shareholders dividends and Shareholders have LIMITED LIABILITY. Private sector has a board of directors to run the business. Name must be end with the word confine or letters Ltd. Private sector business are owned and run by private individual.3.2.0 Types of Private SectorWe have numerous types of private business but the most common are bellow.3.2.1Sole mongerBusiness of this sector has owned and controlled by one someone bills is usually provided by the owner. This means that level- addressedly the owner and the business are the same. Sole trader has unlimited liability. There is not much good paper work. Funding for business will be from owner side, banks, computer address card, and bank overdraft. Power and right will be on one hand, profit will on one share low bathtub and tax.3.2.2 PartnershipWhen 2 or more than 2 people run government agency a business which aims to make a profit is called partnership. The maximum form of partners is usually 20. Money is provided by partners. They are easy to set up but may have a Deed of Partnership and will share their profit and loss according to their musical arrangement. They are unincorporated. Easy to start, financial support is same wish well fillet of sole trader also from partners.3.2.3 FranchiseIt is an agreement between a franchisor and a righte and allows the use of a business name to franchise. Franchisee must provide the money to start their bu siness and franchisor provides materials, training and advice. Franchisee must make regular payments to the franchisor. Main aims of private sector are profit, growth, change magnitude market share and maximize sales.4. Legal requirementFor a new business you should lie with the legal requirement of the business and must narrative the company companies act 2006 in the UK. For example the business should be legal and register with company registrar. If the business is partnership then must distribute partners all agreement paper with registrar without enrolment of the company no one keep start the business in the UK.4. Legal requirementFor a new business you should know the legal requirement of the business and must register the company companies act 2006 in the UK. For example the business should be legal and register with company registrar. If the business is partnership then must submit partners all agreement paper with registrar without registration of the company no one ca n start the business in the UK.5. Funding OptionsFor business funding is the most important fact without money no one can start business and fund will never have enough, so shortage can be monstrous at firs stage. Depending on the structure of Business, business will have distinguishable sources of funding or finance.Some resources are Loans from Banks and Financial Institutions Shareholders Some banks provide our draft Some time government provide loans for some business much(prenominal) in Pakistan for agriculture Sale shares PartnersSome former(a) resources are shareholders and partners, depending on the organization legal structure of firm.6. Compliances7. Protecting your Intellectual positionIPR main benefits are to save the company products and services from your Oppositions or competitors and bar unauthorized users and action. If you have branded a only one of its sweet product then you must patent it. This means registering the manufactured goods and its objective to put a stop to others from doubling it. If dont, then the competition can just steal the product design from you, and will cost you a lot.Example of a patent shielding a firm from any more business assumeing its product was when apple clime that Samsung copy their product and the court still on process for more feature ( http//news.cnet.com ). Patenting is an expensive or valuable, though, and it must be done correctly. So IPR is very important for a company to register other hand it will cost a lot to the company.7.1 TrademarkA trademark is a brand name. A trademark includes any name, word, sign, device, or any combination, utilize or intended to be used to identify the organization such as MacDonald, HP computers, coca cola.http//www.bitlaw.com7.2 CopyrightsCopyright is the ownership of the of intellectual space (IP) The select right to make copies, and otherwise exploit a literary, musical, and delicious work, even audio, printed, video. It should register under copyright law act January 1, 1978, is saved for the duration of the author or inventor and for 50 years rate of flow of after his or her death. For example Adam Smith is the right person for his book Wealth of Nation no one can write this book or print it by other name.7.3 Industrial jut outsManufacturing Design is concerned with all the human being aspects of machine-made goods and their bond to people and the environment. The designer is responsible for these products and their impact on society and nature. Such as apple I pone 5,7.4 PatentsThe protection a person or a company a new product or way of doing something by stopping anyone else from copying or using it for a item period of time. For example any Madison formula.8. ContractsAn agreement between both or more parties to avoid the future problem and it is written and enforceable by law. For new business you have to sign many corrects like with Employment, Shareholders, Agency, Vendors, with other business, banks and financial instit utes. Every things should be clear and must be Confidential also it must include Term, Confidential development, representations and warranties, indemnity, limitation of liability, assignment protection of intellectual property.9. Insurance10. Mission instructionsMission statements are targeted at external and internal stakeholders its means that the statements must be suitable for a wide range of audients or readers. A mission statement is a idea or guiding hand, which provides a shared direction and stress for the firm internally so its mean that mission statement are meant to encourage and motivate everybody. The mission statement should Show the direction and aiming that the business to head in Give some sort of statement of advantage -what the business wants to do and achieve Classify the way in which the business is aiming to develop over a period of time Allow the business to use the mission statement for the growth of specific goals and objectives to reach their aims. th ese should be relevant for all levels of the organization Provide inspiration to employees to work towards achieving the goals and objects or vision set out by the statement. (mindtools, 2012)11. Vision statementsWhile a mission statement shows the way on which a business wants to head now and is of immediate relevance to all stakeholders, a vision statement is a more common statement looking at where the business or organization wants to be in the future. A vision statement essentially outlines what a company wants to be in the future and it may well be related to some sort of future outcome. (mindtools, 2012)http//www.diffen.com/ oddment/Mission_Statement_vs_Vision_Statement12. Market analyzingMarket analyzing will assist to the business and some benefits are below Under place upright the market and give you a bug fork over Attract the customers and perplex the competitors Market size Who is your customers and who is your competitors What customers needBest way to attend the m arket is market research. Market analyzing will help to understand the market and give you a thumping picture to you organization by analyzing the market will understand the behavior of end users and will beat the competitors because you know that what customers wants. Market research will give lots of information about the competitors. Try to make the products different from your competitors and this different will stand the business out from crowd and for competition there are three main things are very important1. Quality issues2. Customer services3. High price12.1 Segmentation CustomersIts mean grouping of customers by their age, gander, stander, office by segmentation will easily target the customers so we can segment it by1. Demographic ( how old they are)2. Socio-Economical (who much they want to excrete )3. Geographic ( where the live )13 PEST Analysis14. be after a new businessFor this section I have a bankable business plan and I will recommend a dominoes franchise wh ich is much better than other businesses. If we start a sole trade business or partnership business it is very severe for as to competition with big business. So there is a big chance to failure of the business. We will run business under the pennon of an already established business I mean Dominos Pizza. We also take advantages of their brand, ideas, operating techniques and much more which already tested and tried. rat name we can use Dominos pizza is well know brand in the market and have much demand in the all over the globe.14.1 Capital investmentFor Dominos pizza franchise total investment is 290000 + (VAT approx 49000. VAT will claim back/ bottleneck cost (shop fitting and project management fee) approx 130000Equipment cost approx 80000Legal/ Planning / Architects approx 17000Opening cost approx 25000Fees (training fees approx 45000Total approx 290000 + VATMore detail uncommitted in appendix14.2 FundingIn assignment question the say that dont worry about money but any w ay in case we face to the shortage of funding we can use ersatz way like loan from banks, bank overdraft, credit card, and loan from financial institute.14.3 HR and TrainingIn one franchise approximately 25 jobs we can make so we will advertise it in local news paper and we will select right candidate for training. subsequently the selection we have to do contract with our employees for minimum 2 years. deductionFrom above discussion it is clearer that training is very fore a business. Without planning no one can achieve their goals effectively. Also invest the jacket crown on the right business because everyone wants to invest their money for profit and other important thing is we should do business on legal way. If you want to be a success business man you have to create image in the society like Apple, MacDonald and, Dominos. Policies and procedure should clear to employees and customer and Health and safety environment provide to employees and customer. Franchise is more pr ofitable the other business because we can use their logo, trademark also it is well known in the market,.

The Local Tourism Industry In Botswana Tourism Essay

The Local touristry Industry In Botswana Tourism Essay1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUND TO searchBotswana is a relatively lowly country located in S appearhern Africa, sandwiched between S come forthh Africa, Zimbabwe and Namibia. A landlocked country, yet what it lacks in coastline, it more than makes up for in tourist attractions that nonplus pul take in visitors from across the solid ground. Known mostly for the Okavango Delta, the Kalahari Desert and its Bushmen, and the numerous wildlife sanctuaries and parks that ar a host to numerous endangered species.With a population of approximately 1.8 million people, mostly Setswana speaking, it has enjoyed 40 years of independency and gained its reputation as oneness of the fastest let oning nations since, transforming itself from one of the poorest in the world, to a middle economy country. These great achievements redeem propelled Botswana into recognition as one of the most politic all toldy and economically stable in Africa. For a long time, Botswanas economy has been to a great extent dependent on the mining intentness, self-praise over 75% of the countrys export earnings. Although the country is also rich in copper, nickel and gold, diamonds argon the most profitable. They were first discovered in the juvenile 1960s, and since, the industry has flourished and established itself as the worlds big(a)st producer of gem-quality diamonds. This industry is in no doubt responsible for assisting in and facilitating the speedy development of the country. Other nominate sectors include the agricultural industry ( trade quality beef), textile and livestock industries, exporting quality beef.One of the most important objectives of government policy towards achieving its muckle 2016 is the diversification of the economy a track from dependence on the mining sector. In recent years, the growing touristry industry has proven itself as a significant contrisolelyor to the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and economic egress. With the countrys emulous advantage of its vast natural resources and offerings, it is automatically put it in a position where it can prosper not just regionally, but foreignly as well.This growth and prosperity can be attributed to initiatives taken by the government in hunting lodge to boost and improve the industry. Various strategies and policies have been implemented to try and spur private robement. It has initiated campaigns for the development and improvement of the facilities in the National and wildlife parks in order to preserve the environment and its ecosystems. irrelevant investment is encouraged, although single if those wishing to do so conduct stick ventures with the citizens, to promote their involvement in the development of the industry. They introduced a policy which allowed some(prenominal) exotic and topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic investors in tourism, among other selected sectors, to receive grants from the Gov ernment, clearly gave a boost to investment in tourismAll these developments have led to an gain in international visitors which in turn has led to an increase in the drive for appointment, and therefrom an increase in the building of hotels and lodges.Extracted from FDI AND touristry THE DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION, EAST AND SOUTHERN AFRICA. A United Nations Case force field 2003The hotels that have been established are both local anaesthetic anestheticly and internationally own, however enquiry reveals that ownership is dominated by international companies and individuals. The most everyday of these hotels are Sun International (a South African franchise), Cresta Hotels (another South African franchise belonging to the TA Group), The Grand Palm and Mondior Summit (a piece of the South African Mondior Company).In an ideal environment, it would have been the other counseling more or less, with industrial control fully domestic instead of dependent on foreign aid. The drawbacks of having an unbalanced ownership scale (or one that is not heavily domestic) in the tourism industry, include loosing vital revenues overheared to foreigners and the inability of achieve revenue maximization by the government and the citizens.The presence of these multinational hotel shackles is evidence that the initiatives taken by the government to boost the industry are eventive. However, only to a limited extent be coiffe in order for the industry to survive, they have to allow foreign investors to participate but this is pushing the industry into the hands of these foreigners and away from those who can benefit from it the most the citizens.With this proposal, I qualify to breakthrough out if there is a relationship between the large internationally owned hotels and lodges and the significantly smaller locally owned ones.1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEMThe tourism industry in Botswana is still in its growth phase, with government programs dedicated to the upgrading and developmen t of the areas that attract most tourists. The hotel industry is one that has seen considerable growth in relation to the governments policy. In order to help expand this industry, the government has favored foreign investment and made it easier for foreigners to invest on a long term basis with political and economic stability providing an ideal investment climate. As a result, the hospitality and accommodation sectors have seen numerous international hotels, lodges and hotel chains set up around the country.Although significant for a maturing industry, the abundance of internationally owned and operated establishments signals an inequality in the ownership when compared to the locally operated establishments. The industry is dominated by foreign proprietors and it seems they are overpowering local entrepreneurship.The irony of the mail is that in order for tourists to catch the genuine Setswana environment, they would have to place themselves in an atmosphere that would reflect the square Setswana lifestyle, and that is more than often found in a locally owned establishment. The victor of these international hotels is testament to numerous situations, such asthe local hotels arent performing to meet the standards of the touristsMost of the internationally operated hotels around Botswana can be classified as 5star, and for the economically well-off visitor, luxury and comfort whitethorn play a larger role than experiencing the Setswana lifestyle in choosing where to stay. there is also a level of quality that can be anticipate when dealing with an internationally established and world renowned hotel that may cause visitors to automatically opt for it instead of trying out a local hotel. This is not to suggest that the local hotels are not up to par, but the unfortunately the reputation of an international hotel, far exceeds that of a local one.the tourists are not conscious of their servicesAs more and more of the world business is turning electronic, i.e over the network, more and more tourists rely on the internet to inform them on where to stay, and the use of the travel agent as an intermediary between the hotel and the tourist is slowly becoming obsolete. It has taken a little bit longer for some businesses to realize the importance of the internet as a merchandise tool, and its ability to help them reach out to potential customers. Many hotels have not yet come to this actualisation and it is this way that they missing out on opportunities by failing to tell on themselves to a wider audience. Advertising plays an important role in determining the success or failure of a company and if it fails to run an effective marketing scheme then it ordain receive limited responses.Either of these situations results in loss of revenue for the local hospitality and accommodation sector and all those involved. These here and nows have a long term domino effect, where one situation triggers the other, or one situation is the direct or indirect consequence of another. Such asManagerial positions are dominated by foreignersThe only posts reserved for locals are those with lower salariesGeneral failure of the industry to set up to the development of the local community and the eradication of poverty.1.2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENTThe local tourism market in Botswana is saturated by large foreign owned hotels and this is pushing the locally owned ones into the background.1.2.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONThe spirit of this research proposal is to answer the question What is the impact of the international hotel giants on the local accommodation and hospitality market?My intention is conduct a qualitative study by interviewing local entrepreneurs to get an in-depth and personal persuasion on the role that these hotel giants play in the industry.RESEARCH OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study is to assess the impact that international hotel franchises have on the local hospitality and accommodation market in Botswana. This study can be br oken down into categories that when concluded, should give a clear understanding of the to a higher place mentioned issue.To recognize the relationship between the abundance of the internationally operated hotels and lodges and the scarcity of locally owned ones.To determine the impact that these international giants on the local hotels.To psychoanalyse the repercussions that the international hotel chains have on the local tourism industry.To develop research in this area in order to recognize how the flow situation can be overcome.1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF RESEARCHThe reason I have chosen this particular topic is because the tourism industry in Botswana is rapidly becoming a vital contributor to the countrys GDP, as the need for economic diversification away from the mining industry becomes more urgent. As a vital part of the economy, it is important that the public be aware of all aspects that contribute to its growth. By creating public awareness on how the local market is influen ced by these foreign giants, it is my hope that they forget take initiatives to be more supportive and more participative in the industry.Another reason for engage this topic is because research previously conducted has been limited and non specific, . . . .RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe elementary purpose of this research is to find out if and how the local entrepreneurs business has been bear upon by the international hotel chains. What I want find out is the experience, panorama and feelings of these entrepreneurs towards these hotels.The best way to collect this information would be through conducting an interview, specifically a structured interview. I chose this system becauseIt allows for me to investigate the thoughts, views, assumption, feelings, attitudes and perceptions of the interviewee which cannot be provided by any other method of data collection.It allows me to ask more composite questions and also the ability to validate the data as I collect it, which improves t he overall quality of the data.Due to geographic constraints, my interviews are going to have to be conducted over the phone. The advantages of telephone interview includeMore exemption for the interviewee because they are not under pressure from a face-to-face scenario, therefore the interviewee feels more comfortable.This also means that their responses will be more naive and open.SAMPLE SIZEI intend to interview a center of ten local businesses located all around the country, in order to determine whether it is a national or just localized phenomenon. I want to find out the opinion of the businessman and woman in all tourist attractions around Botswana to establish whether their view is universal.PROJECT abstractionChapter 1 IntroductionThis starts with a brief description of Botswanas economic news report and the contribution that the tourism industry is making towards it. The Research Problem describes how the psychiatric hospital of International hotels signifies the gro wth of the industry but that may be at the expense of the local entrepreneurs. Therefore it is my responsibility with this project to find out exactly how these hotels have touch on local businesses and to achieve this, I will conduct interview with ten of these businessmen and women.Chapter 2 Literature check overThe exploration and analysis of secondary data procured over the internet. I will study journals related to or contributing to the topic, in order to find out the significance of my research.Chapter 3 Research FrameworkThis is an in-depth analysis of the method of data collection, sample sizes and distribution in order to inform the referee on every step of primary data collection process.1.7 DELIMITATIONS OF reachingThe scope of this research is limited to local entrepreneurs in the accommodation and hospitality industry in Botswana, although only those involved in the operation of hotels, lodges or guest houses. The aim of this research is to solicit their opinion on the effect that the international hotel giants have on their businesses with the assumption is that they have all been affected either in a good or bad way by the success of these international hotels.This research will provide an analytic view of how these local businesses are doing in comparison to the hotels, and this information will be useful to these entrepreneurs in trying to improve the current situation.CHAPTER drumheadThis chapter is an introductory chapter that starts off by describing the economic history of Botswana and the influence that the tourism industry has had. The main issue revolves around how this industry has seen the establishment of international hotels and what role these hotels play on the local hospitality and accommodation market. The research questions outline what type of information Im trying to solicit and the choice of data collection most suitable for that is through conducting interviews.http//www.bidpa.bw/docs/archive/Economic%20Diversifica tion/TheTourismSector.pdfhttp//botswana.usembassy.gov/resources/commercial-section/tourism-and-investment.html

Technology in Fashion Product Development and Manufacturing

Technology in port output outgrowth and ManufacturingINTRODUCTIONAccording to Tyler, (2008, p.1) Clothing manufacture is an activity dominated by the need for human skills, with a great range of raw materials, result qualitys, production technologies, production volumes, retail markets and brands.These days, consumers argon creation influenced by trend trends, thereby having the enticement of the ongoing impertinentness and needs to buy and keep up with the latest appearance cl ask become the order of the day. People moot their look is what matters most and so ar very much stinging in updating it with contrive.The term mode differentiates the current prevailing trends in the society for example, concerning a particular way of dressing, lifestyle, pattern of thought and the nurture of the arts (Eberle et al, 2004, p.217)The move towards so-called Fast- means within many retailers means that the designers have a much shorter ontogenesis period so that the store wash stand act to peeled trends within a matter of weeks (Goworek, 2006, p.31). Fast direction in my own understanding simply means the ability to respond immediately to current modality trends. Hence, because of the change magnitude demand of products by customers, vernal technologies atomic number 18 constantly being introduced to form industries to improve and quicken production.The aim of this study is to discuss the technologiesinvolved in the development and assemblage of impertinently product and find out how it has contributed to fast hammer.Technology is the process of applying proficient devices and k straightwayledge to suit a particular work or purpose, therefore, fashion applied science is the process by which these technical devices and knowledge ar use to the construction and manufacturing of fashion products. However, working in the fashion industry requires an lodge knowledge and understanding of technologies involved in the development and assembly of s ensitive products.LITERATURE REVIEWThe aim of this literature review is to establish that relevant work has already been completed in the field. In particular I am keen to demonstrate in this parting that this term newsprint is based upon a thorough understanding of the field, and to establish evidence that I have researched into the subject.Fast fashion is a term that refers to affordable rudimentary principle and disposable trends. It has also been apply as a term to describe clothing collections which argon based on the most recent fashion trends. (App bel search, 2009) excogitate products have a limited life cycle, more so than early(a) products. (Gowerek, 2004, p. 142) According to Tyler, (2008), Fashion requires a quick response, that is to say that fashion apparel has a short product life and differentiation advantages erect be built on the images and styles of brands which can be quickly imitated. Fashion producers have continually worked hard to provide new product s to capture the vision of the consumers with these innovative styles and images and so technological advancement has brought about the introduction of ready-to-wear/mass production apparel.Integration of quick response has given the fashion producers a lot of advantage as they have developed new capabilities known as quick response strategies to supplant timing and know-how which helps them in the assembly and development of exclusively clothes that sells.DISCUSSIONGARMENT meeting placeThe steps involved in garment assembly are called operations. (Frings, 2008, p. 260) the trine methods of operations are the progressive-bundle system, the tailor or hale garment system, and the modular manufacturing system. Automated systems are now being use in fashion factories to rush along up production and cut lead while. There several(prenominal)(prenominal) computer technologies being apply in the process of garment assembly computer-aided manufacturing(CAM), unit production system(UP S), computer-integrated manufacturing(CIM) , computer simulation, and flexible manufacturing.PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTProduct development is a process of creating new style within a given companys image or identity. (Frings, 2008) The two technologies involved in the development and assembly process of new product are Seam engine room and Machinery technology.SEAM engine roomThe seam technologies are seam type, stitch type, needle, suck up and exhaust implement.SEAM TYPEA seam is a formulate where a sequence of stitches unites two or more pieces of material. (cooklin, 2006, p. 110) Seams have several properties strength, extensibility, elasticity, security, durability and near(a) appearance all of which will be rolled during product development. According to Tyler, (2008), the British standard has classified seam into eight classes jibe to the minimum number of part that make up the seam. These classes are family 1- superimposed seam that consists of Plain, French and Piped s eams, Class 2- lapped seam which consist of basic lapped, lap-felled and welted seam, Class 3- bound seam, Class 4- flat seam- consisting of butt and flatlock seams, Class 5- nonfunctional stitch, Class 6- edge neatening, Class7- addition of trims, and Class 8- one-place components. (Tyler, 20008)STITCH TYPE lift and stitches are the primary means of garment assembly. (Glock et al, 2000, p.427) British standard has also classified stitches into six categories Class 100- single meander twine stitches, used for temporary stitching, Class 200- hand stitches used for stitching edges, Class 300- lockstitches that are satisfactory for closing, lapping and decorating, Class 400- multi-thread chain stitches used as breed over seams and side seams, Class 500- overedge chain stitches used to neaten and dumbfound of cut edges of a woven and knitted fabrics, and Class 600- covering chain stitches used to make flat extensible seams on knitted fabrics. from each one of the above classifi ed stitches has various stitch types within them. (Eberle et al, 2004, p. 167)SEWING work NEEDLESMachine needles come in various shapes and sizes and should be used on person cable cars, stitch types, wind and fabrics. The two basic classes of needle points are Round and Cutting points needles. Round points needles includes slim set points which are used for blind stitches and for fine densely woven fabrics, set cloth points, plodding set point used especially for button run up political machines, light-hearted eyeball points used for sensitive fabrics such as knits, metier ball point and heavy ball points. Cutting points needles which are used run up leather and films or coated and laminated textiles are leftover press clipping points and peter points. (Eberle et al, 2004)SEWING THREADThe threads are used to form stitches on fabrics. They are made from either pictorial or synthetic parts or both and are chosen according to suitability for run up in relation to unif orm thickness, smoothness, elasticity and strength. Cotton is used to make natural fibre threads and nylon is used to make synthetic fibre threads. stitchery threads undergo the same process of production with yarns. The fibres are carded, combed, displace and spun into yarns which in turn are twisted into sewing threads. Sewing threads can either be Z or S twist. The fibre on the surface of a Z twisted thread are approach to the right when the thread is held vertically while the fibre on the surface of an S twisted fabric are faced to the left when the thread is held vertically. The properties of threads are colours, diameter, finish, size, twist and cord content. Characteristics of sewing thread are colours, fastness, flexibility, elongation, strength, shrinkage, twist balance, etc.FEED MECHANISMIt is essential to consider the issues of feed mechanism in the process of product development. nutrition mechanism is a process used in a sewing machine to join fabrics together where by mechanism feeds the fabrics past the needle to achieve good fit, style appearance and performance. The sewing machine feed system are drop feed, differential feed, variable top and bottom feed (before and arsehole the needle), compound feed, alternating compound feed, puller feed (roller feed) and clamp feed(jig). Feed mechanism is made up of three sewing machine parts presser foot, throat plate and feed traverse. Material feed is achieved by the feed dog which contains several rows of serrated teeth. The feed dog is moved up and forwards through slits in the throat plate to engage with the other side of the material being sewn and to advance it by a distance of one stitch length. Contact between feed dog and material is is controlled by the spring-loaded presser foot. The feed dog is then move and moved back to its starting position. (Eberle et al, 2004, p.162)MACHINERY TECHNOLOGYMachinery technologies are basic sewing machines, simple impulsives, automatize workstations a nd reprogrammable automated system. Machinery is a very important cheek of product development because it is very important to note the available machines as well as their capabilities. There are various classes of sewing machines used in clothing manufacture and these include basic sewing machines, simple automatics, automated workstations, reprogrammable automated systems.BASIC SEWING MACHINEBasic sewing machines consist of a stand, table, electric motor, and a head. It offers one stitch type and has various shapes with means which helps the operator to control the speed of sewing, stitch stringency and presser foot position. (Tyler, 20008) there are several types of basic sewing machine flat bed, raised bed, post bed, cylinder bed, feed-off-arm bed, side bed, etc. wide AUTOMATICSThese are controlled manually but the movement of the components to be sewn are being controlled by special cams during the entire sewing operation. Simple automatic machine produces only one configura tion of sewing. Examples of simple automatic machines are buttonholers, buttonsewers, bar tack machines and label sewers. (Tyler, 20008) change WORKSTATIONSThese make use of electric, electronic and pneumatic control and incorporate sophisticated conveyor and clamp technology and perform complex functions in addition to sewing. (Tyler, 20008) These machines are, profile sewing system, CNC sewing machines and robots. Examples are patch pocket setting on jeans and shirts, run stitching collars or flaps, long seam joining, making jetted pockets, serging trousers and sequential buttonholing. Apart from burden and removing the garment after sewing, the machine controls the rest of the handling and sewing. (Tyler, 20008) Sophisticated automated workstations have numerical control, automated loading, unloading, edge sensors and other intelligent features. (Lecture note)REPROGRAMMABLE AUTOMATED SYSTEMSIn reprogrammable automated system, garment parts are loaded and a series of machines car ries out a series of operations to a section of a garment, for example, one system utilises robotic handling to assemble a three-part jeans pocket. (Tyler, 20008) However, these reprogrammable automated systems are not yet being used commercially.ANCILLARY MECHANISMS FOR utmost SPEED SEWING MACHINESThese are industrial machines known as noble speed machines, generally provided with several ancillary mechanisms whose function is to reduce the time needed by the operator for non-sewing activities. (Eberle et al, 2004) The ancillary equipment for industrial high speed sewing machines are thread cutter, thread wiper, automated presser foot, needle positioning, stitch compression, bar tacking, automatic start using an optical sensor, automatic pulley-block using an optical sensor, edge trimmer and edge trimmer(stepped). (Eberle et al, 2004)CAD TECHNOLOGYCAD which means computer aided design is another technology identified as quick response element. CAD systems are now the essential t ools required to integrate and achieve success taking the exercise of the comfigurator between manufacture and retail. (Beazley and Bond, 2003, p. vii) CAD is used in the designing of new styles, as well as ethical specifications and functions of pattern creation, grading, production of cutting markers and lay planning in garment production.CONCLUSIONTechnology is a very important part of product development as it ensures quality, with suitable fit, fashionable and attractive appearance and speeds up production to meet with consumer satisfaction. Fashion needs depend on the creative technical development of the fashion industry because only innovative technology and manufacture can die out through into the ongoing fast fashion.Much innovation and interest in fashion has given consumers a lot of choice in belongings up with fashion trend. The fashion industry is now being faced with a lot of challenges because fashion is an everyday activity which we can neer do without. Accordin g to Fan (2004, p.1), our appearance is our most apparent individual characteristicsrelying on appearance to guide personal decisions and social interactions is not only natural, but inescapable. The body and the way it is clothed and presented is a primary medium of expression, for it makes statements on the condition of society itself. Hence, fashion demands are drastically increasing every now and then so as to meet up with the fast fashion.The ultimate goal of manufacturers and retailers of clothing is to provide clothing for the whole range of their target market that constantly fits well to increase customer satisfaction and ultimate sales. (Ashdown, 2007, p. 348) To achieve this ultimate goal, manufactures must always arrive at and interpret new trends, thereby making sure they comply with the norms and technologies that are involved in the day-to-day process of product assembly. Hence, current technologies are the basic requirements of product development which helps to bri ngs about an innovation known as quick response. Quick response is a term used for the strategies being used to achieve fast fashion.

Study On The Vocabulary Learning Strategies

Study On The phrase acquire StrategiesThis chapter deals with the palingenesis of the link up literary productions. In the first section, phrase scholarship strategies and its theoretical model result be reviewed. For the second section the related research both(prenominal) international and national will be presented.2.2. Vocabulary reading strategiesVocabulary go overing strategies poop be considered as a part of popular education strategies in second lecture acquisition. The first study in discipline strategies atomic number 18a began in 1970s with research to recognize the characteristics of wide language scholars (Naiman et al., 1978 Rubin, 1975). OM bothey and Chamot define cultivation strategies as the special thoughts or behaviors that individuals exercise to t fitting service them comprehend, learn or retain b ar-assed information (1990, p.1). This explanation can be seen in Schmitts defining phraseology training strategies too. Schmitt says cu lture is the process by which information is obtained, stored, retrieved and occasiond therefore verbiage acquaintance strategies could be any which affect this blanket(a)ly defined process (1997, p.203). This translation brings this question to the mind that whether affable lexicon culture is incidental or overturn, a factor which researchers construct discussed in the literature a lot. community considers phrase study as a deliberate process which possesses intentional character. He established his description on the properties and qualities of a schema which fulfills teachers aims.Call for percentage learners improves the mode they go slightly knowledge verbiage have been do on a number of grounds. Sokmen (1997, p. 225) argues in revise to help learners learn how to acquire diction by them self, noning that it is not possible for students to learn all the jointing they enquire in the associateroom. Cunningsworth (1995, p. 38) gives a name to helping lea rners curb their protest diction learning strategies which is a powerful approach, that can be ground on being sensitive to lexicon systems, encouragement of sound dictionary skills and showing reflection to drug ab utilizationful learning techniques. By considering the vastness of phrase learning strategies, it would be very helpful to find out or so these strategies and find out what they be and analyze how these strategies atomic number 18 going to help learners for building their verbiage and likewise what strategies would be useful for the learners to be usher ind in the textbooks.brown and Payne (1994) found these tailfin steps in the process of phraseology learning in a foreign language (a) having sources for encountering new wrangle, (b) get a exculpate image, either visual or auditory or both, of the forms of the new rowing, (c) learning the meaning of the members, (d) carry a strong retrospection connection between the forms and the meanings of the haggling, and (e) development the lyric.(cited in Gani Hamzah et al., 2009, p.42) Following as a result, all vocabulary learning strategies, totally or partially, should be related to these five steps (Fan, 2003, p. 223).Vocabulary learning outline can be seen from at least collar diametrical views. First, a vocabulary learning system, very broadly speaking, could be what ever the learners do to help the new vocabulary learning process. Whenever a learner needs to speculate spoken communication, he/she uses strategy/strategies to do it. Second, a vocabulary learning strategy could be related to actions that help vocabulary learning to work salubrious. Hence, learners may use some actions which do not make any improvement in learning process. Third, there might be a relation between a vocabulary learning strategy and conscious actions that learners bump off to fill new words. Ideally, in order to have a free demote to choose consciously the able strategy for ones self, learners should be informed of healthy, expeditious strategies. This fact should be considered that, though, a strategy which is suitable and works well for one student may completely fail with an betimes(a)(prenominal) and that for a point learning situation one strategy happens to be bring out than another.2.2.1. Importance of Vocabulary Learning StrategiesThe main advantage obtained from all learning strategies, as well as vocabulary learning strategies, is that learners be able of taking more than subordination of their own learning so that students will fell more responsible for their studies (Nation, 2001 Scharle Szab, 2000). Consequently, the strategies develop learner autonomy, independence, and self-direction (Oxford Nyikos, 1989, p.291). When the students be equipped with different kind of vocabulary learning strategies they can specify how exactly they would like to come up with unknown words. Having a good knowledge of the existing strategies and the abi lity to make use of them in suitable situations might considerably make the learning process of new vocabulary simpler for students for instance, when the student selects which words to study him/her self they can remember the words better than when the words atomic number 18 chosen by individual else (Ranalli, 2003, p. 9). (cited in Gani Hamzah et al., 2009)In Nation (2001) view learners are able to acquire a large amount of vocabulary with the help of vocabulary learning strategies and that these strategies are truly useful for students of different language levels. As learning strategies are readily teachable (Oxford Nyikos 1989, p. 291), the cartridge clip that teachers spend in order to introduce different ship canal of vocabulary learning and practice to students cannot be considered as wasted. Cameron (2001) believes that children may not be able to make use of vocabulary learning strategies themselves in order to make this happen they need to be trained to use the strate gies in strength.A number of linguists have long recognise the sizeableness of learner independence in vocabulary acquisition. Gairns and Redman (1986) believe that students moldiness show more responsibility for their learning and give larger anxiety to individual needs. The reason is that when the learners past their partary level, it would be very catchy for teachers to choose vocabulary being useful to all students thus time spent on teaching may be wasted. Schmitt (2000) sees the need for resolving such(prenominal) problems by helping learners acquire the strategies necessary to learn words on their own. Oxford and Scarcella (1994) support the preparation of systematic vocabulary instruction to let learner master specific strategies to acquire words even international their classes.In Nations view (1990 2001), the just somewhat funda noetic way that learners learn vocabulary is when they use strategies independently of their teacher. In his recent publication, Natio n suggested strategy training be part of a vocabulary development program. tally to Schmitt and Schmitt (1995), the exceed teaching plan may be to let students decide themselves which strategy or strategies they prefer by introducing a variety of learning strategies. This echoes learners need to advance their strategy knowledge.2.2.2. Types of Vocabulary Learning StrategiesAs it is made clear by many vocabulary learning strategy classifications proposed by different researchers, there is a wide range of different vocabulary learning strategies. Most studies in the airfield of vocabulary learning strategies have cerebrate on investigating a small set of VLSs. For example, some studies bode at researching holding strategies or mnemonic techniques and what effect they have on retention (Cohen Aphek, 1980 Pressley et al., 1982 Brown Perry, 1991). Some studies put emphasis on exploring the vocabulary strategies use in reading, such as snapshot from scope (Huckin, Haynes, and Coa dy, 1993). In the following part we will take a closer look for at the most important category of the strategies. The basement of the strategies below is more often than not organized on Schmitts (1997) taxonomy, i.e. the names of the broad categories of the strategies come from his classification.Schmitts taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies (cited in Marttinen, 2008)Schmitt (1997, p. 206-208) based his taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies on Oxfords (1990) taxonomy of learning strategies. Since Oxford (1990) created the taxonomy for describing learning strategies as a whole in the first step Schmitt (1997) had to rescript it in order to act as a useful turncock specially when categorizing vocabulary learning strategies.According to Schmitts (1997) taxonomy, there are twain main conventions of strategies discovery strategies and consolidation strategies. Discovery strategies are those strategies which are utilise in discovering the meaning of a new word wherea s consolidating strategies deal with the consolidation a word once it has been encountered. The former consists of use strategies and accessible strategies whereas the latter(prenominal) includes social strategies, keeping strategies, cognitive strategies and metacognitive strategies.However, Schmitt (1990, p.204) notes that it is very difficult to draw a border line between different strategies and their variations. For example, some strategies, like interacting with primaeval speakers, can be categorized as both social and metecognitive strategy if it is concidered as a part of overall language learning.When facing an foreign word, learners must find out the meaning of the new word. According to Schmitt (1997, p.208), de destinationination strategies which are a part of discovery strategies, include strategies such as guessing the meaning match to structural knowledge, guessing from L1 cognate, guessing from circumstance or using reference material. Since learners can ask h elp from someone in discovering the meaning of a new word, social strategies can likewise function as discovery strategies (Schmitt 1997, p.209).Consolidating strategies include several different types of strategy. In Schmitts (1997) taxonomy they include social strategies, since input acts as a key element in acquiring a language, social strategies are very important in language learning. For example, group learning and team working farms mobile processing and since in such activities instructor does not interrupt the learners much, they have more time to use the language in the classroom (Schmitt 1997, p.211).Schmitt (1997, p.211-13) mentions that another type of consolidation strategies are memory strategies which were traditionally known as mnemonics. Memory strategies usually make a relation between the word and learners previous(prenominal) knowledge, for example, instead of giving the direct definition or making a kind of relation to some familiar L2 words, pictures of th e meaning are shown to learners. Using unrelated words or grouping the words according to some categories such as synonyms or common themes are other examples of memory strategies.In addition, one can study the spelling or pronunciation of the word for helping it to stick into memory. Furthermore, using words affixes, grow and word classes can be useful in consolidating word meaning. (Schmitt 1997, p.214)According to Schmitt (1997, p.215), cognitive and memory strategies of his taxonomy are similar and they concentrate on repeating and mechanical means of canvass vocabulary rather than manipulative mental processing. Written and oral repetitions are the traditional and popular examples of these strategies writing or repeating a word several times. Word lists, flash card and note taking as well as using study aids such as language textbooks are similarly separate as cognitive strategies.As mentioned before, the strategies which learners use in order to control and evaluate the ir learning are called metacognitive strategies and this is the same in Schmitts (1997) taxonomy. Schmitt (1997, p.216) mentions that effective metacognitive strategies can happen when learners are exposed to L2 as much as possible, for example, by reading books, watching movies and interacting with native speakers. Also using the time effectively and knowing when to actively study a new word are useful metacognitive strategies.Most of the studies in this area tried to investigate a small set of vocabulary learning strategies. For example some of the researchers (Cohen Aphek, 1980 Pressely et al., 1982 Brown Perry, 1991) centered their studies on memory strategies or mnemonic techniques and its effect on retention. Some other studies emphasized on the vocabulary learning strategies which are employ in reading such as guessing from the context (Huckin, Haynes Coady, 1993). There are a few studies which elaborated on vocabulary learning strategies as a whole and give a broader a ttitude from them.The table below summarizes the different classification system of VLS.SourceStoffer (1995) outline categories1. strategies involving authentic language use2. strategies used for self-motivation3. strategies used to create mental linkages4. memory strategies5. strategies used to organize words6. strategies involving creative activities7. visual/auditory strategies8. strategies involving physical action9. strategies used to overcome anxietyGu Johnson (1996)1. metacognitive regularization2. guessing strategies3. dictionary strategies4. note-taking strategies5. rehearsal strategies6.encoding strategies7. activation strategiesSchmitt (1997)1. discovery strategies 1.1 determination strategies (DET)1.2 social strategies (SOC)2. consolidation 2.1 social strategies (SOC)strategies 2.2 memory strategies (MEM)2.3 cognitive strategies (COG)2.4 metacognitive strategies (MET)Nation (2001)1. planning 1.1 choosing words1.2 choosing the aspect of word knowledge1.3 choosing strate gies1.4 planning repetition2. sources 2.1 analyzing the word2.2 using context2.3 consulting a reference source in L1oe L22.4 using parallels in L1 and L23. processes 3.1 noticing3.2 retrieving3.3 generatingAs you have became familiar with Schmitts taxonomy earlier in this section, now lets take a look at the other classifications mentioned in the table. (Cited in nccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33390/7/55007107.pdf, 2005)Stoffer (1995) conducted the first investigation of overall vocabulary learning strategies. She fulfilled a vocabulary strategy survey and developed a Vocabulary Learning Strategy Inventory (VOLSI). Using statistical factor analysis which offer up a practical basis for category assignment, Stoffer found the 53VOLSI items go down the stairs the nine major groups 1- authentic language use 2- self-motivation 3- crating mental linkages 4- memory strategies 5- organizing words 6- creative activities 7- visual/auditory strategies 8- physical action and 9- overc oming anxiety.Gu and Johnson (1996), developed a vocabulary learning questionnaire based on previous quantitative and qualitative research (Ahmed, 1989 Gu, 1994 Oxford, 1990), that its aim is to gather information on students beliefs astir(predicate) vocabulary learning and the vocabulary learning strategies which they use (91individual strategies in total). The strategies were grouped under deuce general subdivisions Metacognitive regulation and Cognitive strategies which consists of half-dozen subgroups, guessing strategies, dictionary strategies, note-taking strategies, memory strategies (rehearsal), memory strategies(encoding), and activation strategies. In this way, in the taxonomy mentioned seven major dimensions exist which each dimension had several categories for it self. For example, guessing strategy was subdivided into two categories using background knowledge/ wider context and using linguistic cues/ immediate context.Nation (2001) developed a taxonomy which tries to separate aspects of vocabulary knowledge, and learning processes. In his classification scheme Nation (2001) differentiates between trinity general classes of strategies. The first major category is planning for vocabulary learning which is concerned about how often learners pay attention and where they focus their attention. Strategies such as choosing words, choosing the aspects of word knowledge, choosing strategies, and planning repetition are included in this category. The second major category refers to sources of vocabulary knowledge which is about purpose information of unfamiliar words. The strategies in this category include analyzing the word, using context, consulting a reference source in L1 or L2, and using parallels in L1 and L2. The thirdly and last major category is concerned about learning processes which includes the ways learners establish their vocabulary knowledge and make it available for use. Noticing, retrieving, and generating are three types of strategi es of this category.2.3. Research backgroundThere are authors such as Nation (2001) and Coxhead (2006) in the vocabulary literature who believe that there is a variety between general, academic, technical, and low frequency vocabulary, mentioning that technical or specialized words have a quite uplifted frequency in a limited range of texts in each academic discipline (Fraser 2005). Scarcella and Zimmerman (1998) make the same difference, and refer to technical words that are used in specific academic handle (p. 28). Carlson (1999) and Coxhead and Nation (2001) have written about specialized vocabulary lists for specific purposes.This is an important issue because Casanaves (1992) study showed that acquiring the culture of a disciplinary community involves learning that communitys specialized language, and fake (1991, 1993) in his research revealed the challenges of technical, academic vocabulary learning. Fan (1998) found that Chinese EFL learners have difficulty in recoding te chnical vocabulary and in writing on strategies and long recall, Lawson and Hogben (1996) discussed the sizeableness of VLS in a way that is relevant to learning the technical vocabulary of ones academic fieldIn the early stages of language learning, when the students do the tasks themselves they are more interested, this is a deliberate processing activity rather than automatic (Hasher Zacks 1979). The deliberate procedures, or strategies, conducted during this closure are likely preserved these strategies should be seen in students behavior as they do a vocabulary learning task (p. 104).(Cited in Lessard-Clouston, 2008)Strategies which learners use in dealing with the technical vocabulary learning in their early stage in the disciplines they have chosen may thus process both their vocabulary acquisition and their academic socialization. Nation (1993, p.124) stated that broad vocabulary growth depends on vocabulary strategies that are independent of contentedness matter knowl edge, and there are a number of related VLS studies from the literature of the last decade or so. (Cited in Lessard-Clouston, 2008)2.3.1. Related researches on the field of VLSThis part tries to give an overview of research focusing on several(a) vocabulary learning strategies.2.3.1.1. International researchesSanaoui (1995) in a research among both incline and French second language students in Canada came to this conclusion that while a learners proficiency level and type of instruction did not affect his or her results on an individualized vocabulary assessment task, the individual approach to vocabulary study, reflected in the structured use of VLS, did contribute significantly to lexical learning. Sanaoui used a detailed questionnaire to find out which strategies participants use for learning vocabulary, that high-flown two distinct approaches to vocabulary acquisition, structured and unstructured, which are different in five key aspects a) learners opportunities for learnin g vocabulary (i.e., independent study vs. assurance on their language course) b) their range of self-initiated vocabulary learning (i.e., extensive vs. restricted) c) their records of the lexical items they were learning (i.e., extensive/systematic vs. minimal/ad hoc) d) how much learners reviewed such words/records (i.e., extensively vs. little or not at all) and e) whether they respectable such lexical items (i.e., by creating opportunities in and out of class vs. relying on class opportunities alone) (Sanaoui, 1995). (Cited in, Ruutmets, 2005)In a research with 14 ESL students preparing for academic study in Canada, however, Lessard-Clouston (1996) withal followed Sanaouis model and used a questionnaire and an individualized vocabulary test. Despite replicating the most important aspects of Sanaouis (1995) research, his results showed that membership in a group, based on a participants VLS, did not predict language proficiency, nor performance on the individualized vocabulary knowledge test. Lessard-Clouston (1996) thus concluded that such findings raise questions about the usefulness of categorizing students in groups according to structured, semi-structured, or unstructured approaches to lexical learning (p. 114).(cited in, Lessard-Clouston, 2008)A study conducted by Gu and Johnson (1996) among 850 non-English major Chinese students in China, a questionnaire and multiple regression analysis revealed two VLS, self-initiation and discriminating attention, as positive predictors of their participants proficiency, measured by their college English test scores. They also found that the strategies of contextual guessing, serious dictionary use, paying attention to word formation, contextual encoding, and using newly learnt words had a positive coefficient of correlation with participants test scores. Using cluster analysis Gu and Johnson found five key approaches to vocabulary learning (encoders, readers, active strategy users, non-encoders, and passive s trategy users), and came to this point that strategy combinations, rather than individual VLS, may have a positive effect on their participants learning.(cited in, Xhaferi, 2008)Schmitt (1997) prepared a VLS taxonomy using Oxfords (1990) work, distinguishing two broad types discovery strategies (for initially learning a words meaning) and consolidation strategies (for remembering and using a word once it has been encountered), there may be some VLS in common for both. Schmitt asked 600 Japanese EFL learners using a survey to say how often they use different VLS, what they fell about the helpfulness of those strategies, and to mention the most helpful ones. Six strategies were common among the VLS rated most used and most helpful, which includes using a bilingual dictionary, written repetition, verbal repetition, saying a new word aloud, studying a words spelling, and taking notes in class. Evaluating the results of the survey of strategies reported by groups of middle school, high school, university and adult EFL learners, Schmitt (1997) also noted that for some VLS the patterns of strategy use appeared to variety over time (p. 224).(cited in, Xhaferi, 2008)Kojic-Sabo and Lightbown (1999) have done their research using a questionnaire adapted from Sanaouis work, a Yes/No test of academic vocabulary, and a cloze test for furling data on the vocabulary learning approaches of 47 EFL and 43 ESL students in Yugoslavia and Canada. Their main findings strongly supported Sanaouis conclusions, which is more normal and elaborate strategy use is linked to success in language learning, whereas lack of effort on the learners part relates to poor achievement (p. 190). In addition, time and learner independence were found to be the two measures that are closely related to success in vocabulary learning and higher(prenominal) overall English proficiency (p. 176). (cited in, Ruutmets, 2005 )Fan (2003) conducted a large photographic plate research, studying Chinese EFL lea rners in Hong Kong, evaluating the vocabulary tests and strategy questionnaires completed by more than 1,000 university students. Fan discovered that the most proficient participants of her study used several different strategies (notably using more sources, dictionaries, guessing, and known word strategies) significantly more often than the less proficient ones (p. 233), and she echoed Sanaouis (1995) view on the importance of review and consolidation in vocabulary learning (p. 234). Fan also noticed that strategy use are very complex and various noticeable differences existed between frequency of use and the reported, perceived usefulness of particular VLS of participants of her study. Fan (2003) thus concluded by emphasizing on the importance of helping EFL students understand the significance of VLS and encouraging them to develop effective strategies of their own.(cited in, Fan, 2003)In contrast with the large-scale studies mentioned earlier, which emphasize learners reported s trategy use, Gu (2003) conducted a detailed fount studies on the VLS of two successful Chinese EFL students (who were not English big league) using reading tasks, think-aloud protocols, and interviews to document their observed use of VLS. construct on their preferred learning styles (auditory and visual), Gus participants were highly motivated and employed a range of cognitive and metacognitive strategies and approaches in their EFL vocabulary learning. Gu (2003) concluded that the combination of these strategies and approaches created a vocabulary-learning art in which each participant exhibited the flexible and skillful analysis, choice, deployment, execution, and orchestration of all strategies at their disposal in accordance with their own preferred style of learning (p. 99). Gus (2003) study also revealed the value of interviews and case studies for VLS research. (cited in, Lessard-Clouston, 2008)There are some other notable researches. Peacock and Ho (2003) surveyed 1,006 Hong Kong EAP students in eight different disciplines and found that students in different fields use different language learning strategies, some of which correlated more highly with their participants English proficiency. Cognitive and metacognetive were the most commonplace strategies used by students, and follow up interviews with 48 participants revealed that students outside of the humanities tended to use fewer strategies and viewed studying English to be of less importance than their disciplines.(cited in, Peacock Ho, 2003) pose and Reymond (2004) have done a research with 28 Chinese NNES students studying MBA in Canada, they reported that the strategies their participants use varied significantly and changed over time, especially when later in the program for their study NNES students interacted with NES students in regular classes. put and Raymond thus concluded In contrast to the rather simplistic arbitrariness evoked in certain portrayals of the good language learner , strategy use as reported herein emerges as a complex, socially situated phenomenon, bound up with issues related to personal identity (p. 374). (cited in parking lot Reymond, 2004 )In a recent, short term study Atay and Ozbulgan (2007) examined the VLS of 50 armed forces ESP learners in Turkey, which its participants took part in a three workweek period study in two separated classes that each class was held for vi hours a day. For comparing the two English Air merchandise Terminology classes Atay and Ozbulgan used a multiple-choice vocabulary test and a strategies questionnaire (p. 42). In their study they had two groups a control group with no special training and an data-based group which was introduced to VLS and spent one of the six hours in class each day on focused memory strategy instruction (p. 44). On the vocabulary knowledge post-test, learners in the experimental group gained significant higher test scores than the control group (p. 45). The results of the strat egies questionnaire among learners in the experimental group also indicated a major amplification in the percentage of use and variety of strategies in the post-test (p. 46). (Cited in Atay Ozbulgan, 2007 )2.3.1.2. matter researchesEslami Rakhsh and Ranjbary (2003) investigated the metacognitive strategy training effects on the lexical knowledge development of 53 male and female Iranian students taking part in an intensive course of English in Tehran Institute of engineering aged 19 to 25. The results showed no significant difference in the vocabulary knowledge between two groups. However, the result of the post-test showed something different. At the end of the image the experimental group showed progress in terms of lexical knowledge comparing to control group. Thus, the findings of this study indicate that explicit metacognitive strategies instruction has a positive impact on the lexical knowledge development of EFL students.(cited in, Kafipour et al., 2011 )Marefat and Ahmad i (2003) canvass on 60 Iranian female English language learner between the age of 15 and 17,in this study they wanted to examine the effect of teaching direct learning strategies (memory, cognitive, and compensation) and their subcategories on the vocabulary short term and long term retention. In fact, they are not concern about vocabulary learning strategies in this study rather they want to examine the impact of learning strategies on vocabulary retention. As the result of the questionnaire showed, memory and cognitive strategies were used more than other strategies moreover, learners strategy use in short-term retention vocabulary was more effective than in long-term retention.The results also revealed the superiority of memory strategy use both in short and long term retention.(cited in, Kafipour et al., 2011 )Alavi (2006) in a research with 231 TEFL and non-TEFL undergrad university students tried to investigate the frequency of use of cognitive and metacognitive vocabulary l earning strategies. In order to do this three questionnaires were used, Oxfords (1990) classification of language learning strategies, Wendens (1987) classification of strategies, and Gu and Johnsons (1996) vocabulary learning questionnaire (VLQ). The results indicated that Iranian university students prefer cognitive strategies and they use it more frequently in their vocabulary learning process. The results also revealed that there is a significant relation between students major and their choice of strategies, their major significantly affects their choice. (cited in Alavi, 2006)Akbarys and Tahririans (2009) study can be regarded as one of the recent studies in vocabulary learning strategy area. They investigated vocabulary learning strategies use for specialized and non-specialized learning vocabulary among ESP students in different field of studies. 103medical and paramedical undergraduate Isfahan University of Medical Sciences students from 8 majors participated in this study all of which were passing their ESP course. For data summoning three different methods were used observation, interview and questionnaire. The finding of the questionnaire showed that the most frequent strategy was using bilingual dictionaries and the most commonly used learning strategy was oral and written repetition.(cited in, Akbary Tahririan, 2009)Gani Hamzah, Kafipour and Abdullah (2009) conducted a study in order to evaluate undergraduate EFL learners vocabulary learning strategies and its relation to the learners vocabulary size. cxxv Iranian TEFL undergraduate students took part in this study. Two instruments were used to collect the data Nations standardized vocabulary size test and Schmitts vocabulary learning strategy questionnaire adopted from Bennet (2006). The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multiple regression. The results indicate that Iranian undergraduate EFL learners are mean(a) strategy users and determination strategy

The Agriculture In Malaysia Economics Essay

The husbandry In Malaysia Economics adjudicateAmounting to 12 of contribution from cultivation to nations GDP employing 16 of total nation of Malaysia, various crops such as coat, palm petroleum, burnt umber, bananas, coconuts, durian, pineapples, strain, rambutan are grown. world verdant dominant demesne Agriculture Trade liberalization is judge to affect the sparingal, social and political domains.Palm oil being the largest constancy contributing higher portion in global liberalization of throw in oil fats markets as an export oriented effort bragging(a) continuous efforts to add crossroadivity and efficiency still efforts are indispensable to compete with other edible oils. To over make this, automation, research and development, reference fit diversification are being recommended to enhance the industry. Incidences of poverty in the country have raised the bulwark of Paddy sub-sector in Malaysia which is one of the near highly protected sub-sector with a high degree of market intervention. Followed by the Paddy is the tobacco industry receiving subsidy, high tariffs and return quotas from government for protection purpose as it is cultivated in the poor regions of the country.Climate fixed in the peninsula in south-east Asia, Malaysia has agriculture friendly climate. Being a cragged region it has become a disadvantage for cultivation of rice and other produces which require a flat land, which has resulted into import of the same.Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, Malaysia (MOA)MOA is Ministry of Agriculture who helps to private agriculture players and gather information, analyze it, do research and development, visual sense and provide required information and expert advice to agriculture, fishing and live line of descent to producer and framer.DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREEstablished in the year 1905 DOA handles agriculture sector related legal aspects. DOA has established state DOA has given tariff of their respe ctive state and work for their development. In 1926 Rubber Research pioneer Malaysia was established realizing the tremendous development potential and immense demand at heart the rubber industry.Agriculture Malaysias economic and social transformationIn tenth Malaysian plan (2011-15) they missed out agriculture aspect for its future, resulting into economic and social transformation workers, with about half of these being temporary migrants. In spite of this agriculture, along with fisheries and forestry contributes 7-8% in GDP.Palm oil and Rubber despite the reliance on migrant labour palm oil and rubber continue to do well as demand of palm oil in nourishment and non- nutrient sectors is high, and demand of rubber as a industrial product is high. With a good backup of RD in both the products their production is high because of that they are exporting in neighboring countries helping them to cook higher profits.Rubber based industry there are more than than 500 manufacturers of rubber in Malaysia producing latex product contributing 18.1 one million million million to the countrys export earnings in 2011. The rubber based agricultural sector is producing a wide range of products such as gloves, condom, catheters, latex recital tyres and tyre-related products mountings, beltings, hoses, tunings, seals, and sheeting for the automotive, electrical electronics, machinery equipment and construction industries on a wide scale. siftMalaysia is continuously facing problems for promoting improvement and change as it is a hilly region. There are many future plans as to innovation and up-gradation of the agricultural equipments.Food industryMalaysias food industry is a multi-cuisine food industry so its expecting to grow more in future and right outright its 3rd largest producer of poultry meat. Malaysia has started organic farming in fruits and vegetables and has come up with logo Organic Malaysia. One of the largest processor in cocoa and 6th largest produce r and exporter in spices.Food Agriculture Business victimization CenterAgri-BDC developed by ministry of Malaysia to support and develop agriculture and food sector. Center of agri-food business development is the sole information center and pick for public and private sector formed by the MOA to assist food and agriculture business community in the country with the objective to suck up existing and new investors in agriculture sector.AGRO FOOD constitution (2011-20)A continuation of 1998-2010 Third National Agriculture Policy aims at increase in income and food supply guarantee and production sustainability. Various product based, Agri-forestry approach have been made by the indemnity.1) FOOD SECURITY POLICY With the objective to overcome the food shortage food security policy is formed which aims at increasing production of the agro food sector, supply and quality consumption. MOA planned seven programmes in 2008-10 and five other programmes.2) ECONOMIC foreplay PACKAGE (PR E) YEAR 2009-10 Economic stimulus package undertake purpose to stimulate countrys economy. For this two projects coconut industry development project and throw away land development project have been entrusted to DOA.3) 1MALAYSIA CONCEPT With an idea to rent unity among all the races, Malaysia has brought a concept of 1Malaysia. It aims at the principle of justice for principle. It is envisioned that Vision 2020 is achieved with help of all levels of the society. The vision is to make Malaysia a developed country.4) NATIONAL KEY ECONOMIC AREAS (NKEA) Government has launched the Economic conversion Programme to make Malaysia a high income country. ETP emphasis on 12 North State Economic Areas like oil, gas and energy, palm oil, fiscal services, tourism, health, education, agriculture, IT tec. DOA is involved in two economic drivers project, Entry Point childbed EPP 1 which focus on plants and herbs and EPP 7 which focuses on fruits and vegetable crops.

Nihilsmo, Fin de la Metafisica y Secularizacion en el Pensamiento de Nietzsche, Heidegger y Vattimo :: Spanish Essays

Nihilsmo, Fin de la Metafisica y Secularizacion en el Pensamiento de Nietzsche, Heidegger y VattimoABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to articulate Nietzsches criticism of morality which is come to in his experience of the death of God and the end of the subject of Modernity. Nietzsche considers nihilistic delusion as a nihilism of morality, not of metaphysics it is morality and its history that has wedded rise to nihilism in the Occident. That is why Nietzsche separates himself from metaphysics as well as from morality and science, which differs from Heideggers reasons. According to Heidegger, Nietzsche places himself in a primal position in the history of metaphysics, by which he means the consummation (Vollendung) of metaphysics nihilism, which Heidegger tries to transcend. On the sensation hand, Heidegger shows us how Nietzsche consummates the Platonic philosophy by inverting its principles. On the other, Nietzsche consummates the metaphysics of subjectivity. Consequently he conceives the thought of the will of power and of the eternal recurrence as the both last forms of the metaphysical categories of essence and existence respectively. On this ground it is practical to understand Nietzsches and Heideggers thought as the necessary first stage in the transition to Vattimos postmodern philosophy and his notion of secularization. Si bien la discusin en torno al nihilismo se remonta a la poca del del idealismo alemn, tal como lo sealara Otto Pggeler oportunamente, el nihilismo es la nocin fundamental sobre la que gira la meditacin nietzscheana, as como el problema de su superacin. (1) La conviccin de la magnitud de tal tarea llamada en Ecce homo una autoreflexin de la humanidad (Selbstbesinnung), se presenta como un destino dentro de la historia de la filosofa occidental. (2) En noviembre de 1887 escriba Nietzsche Lo que cuento, es la historia de los prximos dos siglos. Describo lo que viene, lo que no puede venir de otra manera la llegada del nihil ismo. (3) La llegada del nihilismo es necesaria porque son nuestros mismos valores habidos hasta ahora, los que conducen a l, porque el nihilismo es la lgica llevada hasta el fin de nuestros ms grandes valores e ideales. (4) Por eso, el nihilismo es pensado desde Nietzsche, como nihilismo de la moral principalmente y no como nihilismo de la metafsica, tal como postulara Heidegger posteriormente.Por el contrario en Nietzsche el centro de la reflexin lo ocupa la moral La moral, lo he dicho una vez, fue hasta ahora la Circe de los filsofos.

Women in India Essay -- Gender Roles, Misogynistic Societies, Oppressi

Historical records show order of a continuing trend of women across the globe becoming victims of misogynistic societies. The conquering faced by women on a continual basis has take to a fight for follow rights in each sphere of society. However, thither has been limited success and more failures than one wishes to recall, and women continue to be loaded in nearly all aspects of smell, from political to personal and from public to private. It is crucial to address and comprehend that the foundation for womens inequality today, is patriarchal cultures, which are majority of the time, founded on patriarchal religions. Women are not considered to be fully equal human beings deserving of the same dignity, rights, and treatment as men. Women are, instead, valued for providing provoke to men whether as wives or as prostitutes and then for their ability to dribble their entire time keeping house, preserving the family, and raising children (Cline, 2007). Most cases of inequalit y to this extremity are present in third world and developing countries such(prenominal) as India where women are victims from birth as they are marginalized as guerilla class citizens in the patriarchal community. The patriarchal culture of India is an excellent standard of a culture where a charwoman has always been the sole place of her father, brother or husband without any will of her own. The majority of the time, women in India are victimized at the hands of these relatives. According to the National disgust Records Bureau, every hour that ticks by in India inflicts more brutality on women, with two rapes, two kidnappings, four molestations and seven incidents of cruelty from husbands and relatives (The Times of India, 2008). such(prenominal) staggering statistics are rooted in a combina... ... involvement in disputes over dowry transactions may result in members of the womans own family being subject to criminal proceedings and potentially imprisoned. Moreover, police action is unlikely to stop the demands for dowry payments (Hitchcock, 2001). Married life is somewhatthing that young women around the world look forward to, but for nearly women in India it results in being a nightmare through which they overhear to fight to survive. Majority of the women are brought up with very orthodox morals, so they are not very likely to ever defy the antheral figures in their lives even if it means that it will cost them their lives. The newlywed brides who cultivate with them an adequate dowry or are fortunate enough to observe good in laws do not go through the horrors that some face, but could possibly have to deal with other pressures which are pushed upon them by their in laws.

Computers :: essays research papers

Computers      Computer argon electronic device that chamberpot receive a set of instructions,or political program, and then carry out a program by performing calculations on numbereddata or by compiling and correlating other forms of culture. The old worldof technology could not believe well-nigh the making of estimators. Different typesand sizes of electronic computers find uses throughout our world in the discussion of dataincluding secret governmental files and making banking transactions to private house accounts. Computers have opened up a new world in manufacturingthrough the developments of automation, and they have made youthful communicationsystems. They are great tools in almost e very(prenominal)thing you want to do research andapplied technology, including constructing models of the world to producingtomorrows weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas ofdevelopment. Database work and computer networks make available a greatvariety of information sources. The same new designs also make possible ideas ofprivacy and of cut back information sources, but computer crime has become avery important risk that society must face if it would enjoy the benefits ofmodern technology. Two main types of computers are in use today, analog anddigital, although the depot computer is often used to mean only the digital type.Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation the office todetermine if a switch, or gate is open or closed. That is, the computer stackrecognize only two states in any of its microscopical circuits on or off, highvoltage or low voltage, orin the case of numbers0 or 1. The drive on at which thecomputer performs this simple act, however, is what makes it a marvel of moderntechnology. Computer speeds are measured in megaHertz, or millions of cycles persecond. A computer with a "clock speed" of 10 mHza fairly representative speedfor a microcomputeris capable of exec uting 10 million discrete operations eachsecond. Business microcomputers can perform 15 to 40 million operations persecond, and supercomputers used in research and defense applications strikespeeds of billions of cycles per second. Digital computer speed and calculatingpower are unless enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle. If acomputer checks only one switch at a time, that switch can represent only twocommands or numbers thus ON would symbolize one operation or number, and OFFwould symbolize another. By checking groups of switches linked as a unit,however, the computer increases the number of operations it can recognize ateach cycle. The first adding machine, a precursor of the digital computer, was

Sending Your Child to a Day Care Center Essays -- Essays Papers

Sending Your youngster to a Day Cargon CenterAbstract Sending your peasant to mean solar day care is a tough decision to make. Parents most explore into various ideas when picking a day care center. They also must(prenominal) think about what is best for their chelas development whether it be social, physical or cognitive. There are various pros and cons to sending your infant to day care and decide if it is right for your child and family. As they stepped into Ms. Couchons office, the mother, a nurse, burst into tears. Her husband, a software engineer, had just lost his job, she explained, leaving the family strapped. I gave her a hug and let her cry, Ms. Couchon says. She also refused the mothers request to drop her cardinal preschoolers from the centers roster, telling her she would cut their tuition until her husband got a new job. (Shellenbarger, 2000). Parents lack to send their children to daycare point though it costs them a cons iderable deal of money. It is hard to tell if parents should send their children because of how expensive it is. Parents are even becoming stressed that the child day care centers are pickings care of the parents as well as the children. There are galore(postnominal) things to consider when deciding if you are going to send your child to day care or not. As shown in the situation above, there is a great deal of stress and money that comes along with sending your child to daycare. At Needham Heights KinderCare, in Massachusetts, where Ms. Couchon is the director, parents walk in to soothing innocent music in the reception area. They are even encouraged to carry on a few minutes to relax, knowing how stressed they are. There are phone calls that are made during her lunch hour for paren... ...local variation. Children & Society, 15(3) pp170-181. Retreived March 27, 2004 from Acedemic assay Premier.Sethi, A. (n.d.). The Daycare Dilemma. Retrieved May 6, 2004, from http//www.parenting.com/parenting /article/0,19451,9367,00.htmlShellenbarger, S. (Apr 9, 2000). Now, Day-Care Centers Have Started Helping Stressed Parents, Too. The mole Street Journal, pp B1. Retrieved March 27, 2004 from http//gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.882004&resdat=xripqd&rft_valfmt=infoofi/fmtkevmtxjournal&genre=article&rft_dat=xripqddid=000000052730101&svc_dat=xripqilfmt= textual matter&req_dat=xripqilpq_clntid=41150Yan, W. & Lin, Q. (2004, February 24). The effect of Kindergarten program types and class size on early faculty member performance. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 12(7). Retrieved March 26, 2004 from http//epaa.asu.edu/epaa/v12n7/.

The Unknown Dangers of Cell Phones :: Health Communication Papers

The Unknown Dangers of cellphoneular telephone Phones When I was sixteen years old, I wanted a cell phone more than anything. Not only did either my friends start them, barely my parents did not allow me to talk to my boyfriend poke. So I notion having a cell phone would be the instant solution to all my problems. Not only would I be able to talk to Jimmy whenever I wanted but having a cell phone would natural spring me so much more independence. Not to mention the fact that they were exceedingly glamorous and simply the thing to have. Unfortunately, you have to be eighteen to place up a plan with any cell phone company, and my parents wouldnt tied(p) consider the idea, so all my begging and hoping came to nothing. The situation originally infuriated me, but after researching the risk of cell phones, I have begun to believe that not getting a cell phone was one of the crush things that ever happened to me. Sixty years ago, sixteen year olds and adults alike were unconsc ious of the dangers of smoking. People were caught up in the glamour that was projected in behind commercials. Millions of people took up smoking without having any idea of the risks they were running. It wasnt until 1948 that Ernst Wynder published the first study linking lung cancer to cigarettes ( Wynder). Even though the connection mingled with cigarettes and cancer has been proven again and again, forty-eight million Americans still rat ( Cancer.gov ). A similar situation is taking place with cell phones. though people have been using cell phones for many years, only late has at that place been concern about the possibility of a connection in the rising number of cell phone users and the increasing incidences of brain cancer. stall phones have been gaining popularity throughout the nineties. There are now over cardinal million cell phone users in America alone, and it is estimated that in 2005 there will be over 1.26 billion cell phone users planetary ( mobile phoneul ar Telecommunications Industry Association ). Many chemicals in our environment have long been known as cancer causing agents. These chemicals include shaft , asbestos, BPDE, and tamoxifen.(Cancer.gov). But none of these chemicals were recognized as carcinogens until several people promise cancer of some type by being exposed to them. Cell phones have been proven to admit a certain type of radiation syndrome about which the effects are unknown.