The Presence and Justification of Autoeroticism in The Rocking-Horse Wi

D.H. Lawrences writings often mirror elements of his own life, though they contain decidedly false components. The characters in Lawrences The Rocking- Horse Winner closely resemble his own family. Like Paul, Lawrence was seeking a way out of the misfortune of pre-war London living. conflicting Lawrence, Paul is already well-to-do. Pauls search consists of a yearning for affection and acceptance. In The Rocking-Horse Winner a young boy finds a original calling within himself that serves to vastly improve the standing of his entire family. However, Pauls supernatural ability to choose the winners of horse races is but a c beless assessment of the storys secrets. Digging deeper, the reader becomes aware of a darker meaning to Pauls wild rides. There are two things are revealed throughout Pauls character development first, that he is seeking his mothers affection. Secondly, in doing so, there is an apparent autoeroticism linked to his evidently innocent rocking-horse. Chie f in the comprehension of Pauls longing for motherly affection is having an understanding of Pauls mother. She is generally a destitute woman. Cold by most accounts, even her own, only she herself knows that at the center of her heart is a hard little place that can not feel love, no, not for anybody (Lawrence, 559). Pauls mother feels the three children are a burden on an already cash strapped and unfulfilling relationship with her husband. Therefore, she is phony and removed where they are concerned. She has lovely children, yet she feels they have been thrust upon her, and she can not love them when her children are present, she always feels the center of her heart go hard (Lawrence, 559). Symptoms of post-partum depr... ...nt Psychology Individual Bases of Adolescent Development. Ed. Richard M. Lerner and Laurence D. Steinber. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Hoboken John Wiley & Sons, 2009. 576-81. markGioia, Dana. The Rocking-Horse Winner. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Dr ama, and Writing. By X. J. Kennedy. 11th ed. New York Pearson Longman, 2010. 556-63. Print.Isaacs, Neil D. The Autoerotic Metaphor in Joyce, Sterne, Lawrence, Stevens, and Whitman. Literature and Psychology. 15th ed. 1965. 98-102. Print.Kazdin, Alan E. Oedipus Complex. Encyclopedia of Psychology. Vol. 5. Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 2000. 494-96. Print.Lamson, Roy, et al., eds. Critical analytic thinking of The Rocking-Horse Winner. The Critical Reader. Rev. ed. New York Norton, 1962. 52-6. Print.Widmer, Kingsley. The Art of Perversity. Seattle Washington UP, 1962. Print.

Terrorism and Culture of the Middle East Essay -- Muslim Cultural Reli

Terrorism and Culture of the Middle EastIntroductionIn 1993, a Harvard political scientist named Samuel P. Huntington wrote a controversial article entitled The Clash of Civilizations in Foreign Affairs. At this point the Gulf War was still fresh in the minds of most Americans. The most poignant issues at the time were the threat of Suddam Hussein, atomic weapons, and the establishment of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. Also months later, the World Trade Center was bombed, which left six people dead and many more injured. These events were possibly the beginning of Huntingtons hypothesis the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and different groups of civilizations. Eleven years later, recent events have gratuity many to believe that Huntingtons prediction was correct. In a world where many global issues stem from opposing nations and/or cultures, Huntingtons hypothesis proves to be relevant. Based on the increased and more severe activity taken by non-western civilizations to preserve religion and customs in a world that is progressively influenced by Western philosophy, cultural differences among civilizations has presented itself at the forefront of international relations today.Faith and religion go hand in hand, especially when you begin to go out the teaching of multiple groups. Although these two words have different meanings, they are often mixed up, merge and appear to have one meaning. Faith is outlined as a belief in, devotion to, or trust, in someone or something without having proof. Religion on the other hand is taking these beliefs and turning them into attitudes that you stomach and govern your life by. As you see with the religions of the world today, ... ... http//europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/mepp/index.htmhttp//www.state.gov/Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations. Foreign Affairs. (Summer 1993) 1-22.Iraq and Straw Israel and Road Map. Israel National News. 23 Mar 200 3. http//www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=41128Jenkens, Brian Michael. The future Course of world(prenominal) Terrorism. World Future Society. 2001. http//www.wfs.org/jenkins.htmShibley, Telhami. American Foreign Policy Toward the Muslim World. Summer-Fall 2001. SAIS Review.Terrorism Questions and Actions. May 2003. Remnick, David. After Madrid. The New Yorker. 29 March 2004. United Nations Home Page. 2000-2004. http//www.un.org/side/

How to Make Sandblasted Signs :: essays papers

How to Make Sandblasted SignsProcess & Analysis How To Make Sandblasted Signs. The only infallible tools you accept are basswood, or red wood, rubber masking, spraygingiva, postulateo knife, back paper, paint (which most of these items you can find atyour local hardware store). besides you need to know someone in your community whohas a sandblasting machine to sandblast your sign. You will also need a designfor your board. (It can be your name, or a symbol of what ever you want it tobe.) First thing you need to do is to get some bass or red wood. bowdlerize the boards to theexact size you want by using a band saw or hand saw. Also, use the followingmethods such as gluing, planing, and squaring the boards to the exact length youwant your sign to be. Once you have squared your board with the square, yoursign will be even on each side. The next meter will be to apply the rubbermasking to your board. Now you are ready to put your design on the rubber masking. Apply thespray glue to the rubber masking. Once you have sprayed the glue (in a wellventilated area) to the masking you should wait for about 2 minutes for theadhesive to dry, and begin to make do out your design you have chosen. This is avery time consuming task so it is best to take your time. This is the time to start cutting on your masking. It is best to leaveabout one half of an inch around the outside edge of the board. Use your exactoknife to cut the masking. Make sure to promenade your design and that it issuitably sized to your board. It is important not to make the cuts too smallor the sand will tear the rubber masking off. You need to find someone in the community that does sandblasting. Thiscould be at a monument engraving service near by. They use a special sand thatis very fine to cut the wood. Sandblasters also use an air compressor to shootthe air and sand out at a high rate of speed. This subprogram will cost between$2-$5 and the time to complete is approxi mately two days. Once you get the sign back from the sandblasting service, you are ready to

Fraud in The Firm by John Grisham Essay -- The Firm John Grisham Liter

Fraud in The Firm by fanny Grisham John Grisham was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas, on February 8, 1955. In 1967 he lived in Southhaven, Mississippi. In 1977 he received an undergraduate degree in accounting. In 1981 he attended law school at the school at the University of Mississippi where he earned a degree. John set up a law practice in Southehaven, where he practiced both venomous law and civil law. In 1981 he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives. In 1989 John published his first novel A Time to Kill. John Grisham has written many books, one of them is The Firm. Mitch McDeere is about to graduate in the top five percentile at the Harvard Law School. A representative from a super prestigious tax law firm approaches Mitch telling him of a job at his company. After a long period of thinking Mitch and his wife Abby transport to Memphis Tennessee where the firm is located. At this time Mitch and Abby had no idea that they were under close surveillance by Mr . DeVasher. Mitch also has yet to learn that the firm is a chop cover up for a Mafia controlled money laundering operation. Mitch later visits his brother Ray in jail, who refers him to a detective by the name of Eddie Lomax. later(prenominal) Mitch goes to the Caimans on a business trip and was set up have sex with a hooker that appeared to be in distress. While Mitch was gone Eddie Lomax was killed. When Mitch returns, Tammy, Eddies secretary is waiting to meet him to let him know about what had happened....

European Society During The Time of The Communist Manifesto :: History Historical Essays Communism

European Society During The Time of The Communist pronunciamento At the time the Communist Manifesto was written, European life had become far more(prenominal) urbanized than the previous years. During this period, society in Europe was undergoing great change. This great change arose from many influential factors. Among these factors, modern knowledge, social structure of the bourgeoisie and laborers, and Marxism had immense effects on the everyday life of European citizens. During the 1800s, an integral step towards building a more modern society in Europe was the change in education. Formal learning and obligatory mentionance began to take place in schools. The demand for children to attend school kept them out of the work place that they had inhabited for so many years. Another important aspect of schooling was the enforcement of teaching both sexes. The education of boys had been increasing for years, but at this point girls now had the opportunity to learn. As this change in education became more popular, literacy increased among young students. The ability to get and write became commonplace. The change in the way education was formatted increased the number of students willing to learn. The increase in the number of students caused even more change in the structure of education in Europe. Older schools were forced to offer stark naked curriculum to keep up with the times. New schools had to keep bringing in new classes for students to choose from. It became hard for old universities to adapt to this societal change. As the schools began to change, they eventually became more expensive and necessary. Those who attended or worked for a university became more respected and honour in society. Professors were among those of the elite class and were thought of as extremely well educated. Their place in society was far ahead of that of pre-university teachers. They had a high salary, educational assistants, and good vacation time. Before this change in education, some teachers were not much farther ahead of their students and did not have the allowances of the professors in the late nineteenth century. The educational system change in Europe in the 19th century greatly improved the life of children. There were more agencies to help families and widows with children. The center field class became more considerate of their children and these children began to populate a large portion of the world.

European Society During The Time of The Communist Manifesto :: History Historical Essays Communism

atomic number 63an Society During The Time of The Communist Manifesto At the time the Communist Manifesto was written, European life had become furthermost more urbanized than the previous years. During this period, society in Europe was undergoing great compound. This great change arose from many influential factors. Among these factors, modern education, social structure of the bourgeoisie and laborers, and Marxism had immense effects on the everyday life of European citizens. During the 1800s, an integral step towards building a more modern society in Europe was the change in education. Formal learning and obligatory attendance began to take place in schools. The demand for children to attend school kept them out of the tap place that they had inhabited for so many years. Another important aspect of schooling was the enforcement of teaching both sexes. The education of boys had been increasing for years, but at this quest girls now had the opportunity to learn. As thi s change in education became more popular, literacy increased among young students. The ability to read and write became commonplace. The change in the demeanor education was formatted increased the number of students willing to learn. The increase in the number of students caused even more change in the structure of education in Europe. old schools were forced to offer new curriculum to keep up with the times. New schools had to keep bringing in new classes for students to choose from. It became hard for old universities to aline to this societal change. As the schools began to change, they eventually became more expensive and necessary. Those who attended or worked for a university became more respected and honored in society. Professors were among those of the elite class and were melodic theme of as extremely well educated. Their place in society was far ahead of that of pre-university teachers. They had a high salary, educational assistants, and good vacation time. Befor e this change in education, some teachers were not much farther ahead of their students and did not have the allowances of the professors in the late 19th century. The educational system change in Europe in the 19th century greatly improved the life of children. There were more agencies to help families and widows with children. The middle class became more considerate of their children and these children began to hold up a large portion of the world.

Should Guardians Be Allowed to Refuse Children the Mmr Vaccine

Case Study Should guardians be given the well(p) to refuse the MMR vaccinum? October 17, 2012 Case Study Should guardians be given the right to refuse the MMR vaccine? When one attempts to differentiate between what would be considered a good or sad action it involves many unique factors. Several philosophers have come up with different theories in order to analyze how we could potentially make what would be considered the high hat decision. Some decisions argon easier to evaluate as the better choice where as some would come into conflict with ethics and morals.Looking at the case study at make, which talks about whether or non a guardian has the ethical right to refuse the MMR vaccination for their child, and using two theories known as cultivate Utilitarianism and Ethical Pluralism, one can prove that it is not ethically permissible for a guardian to refuse the MMR vaccine for their child and contribute to the dust of measles. The scratch base theory that one can use to analyze the case study is Act Utilitarianism. The theory of Act Utilitarianism determines whether an action can be considered right or wrong based on the consequential outcome.It as well as focuses on the fact that an act is right completely if it results in maximizing utility in comparability to disutility. In context to the case study questioning whether childhood MMR vaccinations should be compulsory or not, a good act utilitarian would prove that it is in fact not ethically permissible for a guardian to refuse the MMR vaccine that prevents the spread of measles for their child. A good act utilitarian would invoke that a guardian refusing the MMR vaccine for their child only maximizes disutility for rescript in some(prenominal) the short and long term spectrum and this goes against the goals of act utilitarianism.By refusing the MMR vaccine for their children, parents or guardians are maximizing disutility by promoting the spread of measles which is a contagious and extremel y harmful disease and their child not only has a high mishap of catching measles which could result in all being severely ill or even death, but also has a high chance of spreading the disease once he or she catches it to others who have not received the vaccine either. This has already occurred in the past, by the end of April 2000, though, doctors and the hospital had projectn 313 children and babies with the disease, with 8 needing intensive care. This is proof that disutility was already maximized when parents and guardians prevented their children from receiving the vaccine and resulted in illness that could have been prevented. The case study suggested that most of the severe illnesses and/or deaths were in babies that were too fresh to receive the vaccination and the reason they caught measles was because the older children that transferred it down to them had not been immunized.This type of spread of disease is inconsistent with maximizing utility in a friendship at t hat placefore an act utilitarian would go against it. In the case study, since several doctors retracted their claims that the MMR vaccine is connected to Autism and bowel disorders and studies have now shown that there is in fact no connection between the two, then receiving the vaccine would do nothing but maximize utility within a society and there should be no reason for guardians to refuse their child the MMR vaccine.The vaccine was developed in order to maximize utility in two ways, in the short term to prevent this generation from suffering from measles and stopping them from functioning usefully in their daily lives, as well as in the long term to ensure that the disease isnt spread throughout generations as people start forgetting how severe the illness actually is and thinks that the vaccine is either dangerous through false media advertising or unnecessary. The vaccine benefits everyone by preventing people from suffering bad consequences that result from the spread of me asles.An Act Utilitarian also promotes the concept of autonomy that in relevance to this case study would require the child to decide for himself/herself if they would standardised to receive the vaccination, however in this case it is like making the best of a bad situation where we are damned if we do or damned if we dont and a person incline have it both ways. In this context making the best of this situation is to realize that having the vaccination will only benefit you and a mass physical body of other people and this maximizing of utility trumps the concept of autonomy. The imprimatur theory that one can use to evaluate the case study at hand isEthical Pluralism. Ethical Pluralism is a form of deontology ethics and was produced by Ross. It states that Utilitarian theories failed to see the importance of relationships as well as simplified them when determining what the right running of action would be. Ethical pluralism argues that we have certain moral obligations or pr ima facie duties that have to be accounted for when choosing the right action. These are duties that must be fulfilled heedless of any circumstances unless it is in conflict with another duty and then best judgment should be used.In relation to the case study, ethical pluralists would however equate with Act Utilitarians decision stating that it is not ethically permissible for guardians or parents to refuse the MMR vaccine for their children. Ethical Pluralists would say that parents and/or guardians do not have the right to refuse the MMR vaccine because of particular prima facie duties or moral obligations that they have to both their children and society. Their decision can be backed up by many of the prima facie duties we have such but two in particular will be analyzed in regards to the case study.The first prima facie duty that ethical pluralists would state defending the idea that guardians should not be allowed to refuse the vaccine for their children is the duty to impro ve the condition of others duties of beneficence. By refusing guardians the right to not give their children the MMR vaccine, people are improving the conditions of others through avoiding the spread of measles that could cause a person to become severely ill as well as improving the condition of their own child since the vaccine prevents them from attaining the disease.If guardians did in fact have the right to refuse the vaccine, then a spread of measles would occur impairing the lives of many. In a way it is our moral duty to have the vaccine and prevent measles from transferring to other people and worsening their lives. The second prima facie duty that defends this concept is the duty of non-malificence. Society has the moral duty to not cause harm to others. If guardians had the right to refuse the vaccine then the only thing it would result in, is harm. Harm to the child who now has a chance to suffer from this serious disease as well as harm to society from the transference and spread of it.It weakens the lives of individuals and to some extent can even cause death and ethical pluralists would argue that it is our prima facie duty to prevent this harm from occurring in the first place. Analyzing the case study from an Act Utilitarian and Ethical Pluralist perspective to determine whether or not guardians have the right of refusal, one can see that even though Ross developed ethical pluralism as a response to the absence of moral relationships in utilitarianism theories, both perspectives based on different criteria respond to this ethical issue in the same way.The result is that the guardian of the child should not permit the refusal of the MMR vaccine as doing so would result in both disutility and immoral conduct. Works Cited Thomas, J. , and W. Waluchow. come up and Good. 3rd ed. Broadview, 2002. Print. BBC News. 2000. Measles Outbreak Feared. May 30. unattached online at http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/ health/769381. stm McBrien, J. , J. Murphy, D. Gill, M. Cronin, C. ODonovan, M. T. Cafferkey. 2003 July. Measles blast in Dublin.Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 22(7) 579. The Department of Health, Social Services, and Public Safety. 2002, April 26. News Release Measles can kill. MMR vaccine is safe and vital for childrens health. Word recite 1276 1 . BBC News. 2000. Measles Outbreak Feared. May 30. Available online at http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/health/769381. stm 2 . BBC News. 2000. Measles Outbreak Feared. May 30. Available online at http//news. bbc. co. k/1/hi/health/769381. stm 3 . BBC News. 2000. Measles Outbreak Feared. May 30. Available online at http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/health/769381. stm 4 . Thomas, J. , and W. Waluchow. Well and Good. 3rd ed. Broadview, 2002. Print. Pg. 19 5 . Thomas, J. , and W. Waluchow. Well and Good. 3rd ed. Broadview, 2002. Print. Pg. 34 6 . Thomas, J. , and W. Waluchow. Well and Good. 3rd ed. Broadview, 2002. Print. Pg. 35 7 . Thomas, J. , and W. Waluchow. Well and Good. 3r d ed. Broadview, 2002. Print. Pg. 35

High School Practice for College Essay

High school life has been so much fun. I got very much involved with sports, particularly baseball, basketball and lacrosse. I play well and that made me somehow popular. I am a kind person and loyal to friends. I made many friends through the years and we fagged many good times together, off-roading, going floating down Chattaoochee River or just hanging out. And when not in sports, I would spend time workings at Brookfield agricultural club on a driving range. I was so engrossed with so many enjoyable activities that I hardly observe high school was almost ending. Eventually, my teachers reminded me that I had to start readiness my life and determine what I really wanted to do after high school.The planning aspect was not that difficult because I had always known what I wanted after high school. Like many of us in our batch, I have always dreamed of having a college education. I felt like college education was what I had to do especially if I wanted to have a successful caree r. I wanted to take an associate degree in a university in Charleston that would prepare me to become a Wildlife and Game Warden. I would be so much thankful if I end up a warden for the utter of Georgia.Though I knew what I wanted, I have not taken time to evaluate my capabilities and my readiness. Then I questioned myself whether I have what it takes to be in college. More questions kept popping in my head, like, am I prepared to be there or if ever I did get there, would I ever survive the challenges that laid ahead. I organized my mind and scene about my plus factors, those that would give me an advantage when I am there. Confidently, I could say, I would be able to blend with my friends and future classmates. This is because I have always been very sociable. Even if I have not had chances of leading groups or organizations, I have been a good follower and a good aggroup player. Another factor that I realized would lead and get me through college is my passion for fishing. Fi shing, they say, builds character and I firmly believe that.It is full of excitement, like life, the undermentioned trip, the next big one or the new reel. One cannot enjoy fishing when one does not have patience. My bring taught me that. He and I had the alike(p) passion for fishing. This year, I caught a 2-pound bass and my father had it stuffed so we will remember our fishing memories. Someday I will be a overlord fisherman or with luck, I may eve have my own fishing show. That would end me. Fishing has influenced a lot about me my love for the country and the wildlife.The peace and serenity of nature gives me a sense of fulfillment. Something that perhaps complements with problems and difficulties with my family life. My parents were divorced when I was just three years old. My father lives in another state with his new wife and two other sons. I live with my mother, she also remarried and she has two step daughters. I did not have the luxury to remember having both(preno minal) parents together, even in special occasions. I had gifts, money and good times with friends, but holidays were always problems because I would not know with whom to spend it. I utilize to hide my tears many times when I see kids going shopping or dining with their parents. I felt, they were lucky. I know my mother and father were good people, and they would have stayed together if they could. They must have done it because it was the right thing to do. And I respect that.Childhood was tough for me, many times my atomic number 91 missed my games he did not even get to participate or coach my sports. We could not go fishing as much as I would have liked. I was always around people, but many of them, I did not know. I guess I was lonely and starving for a complete family. But I realized, no matter what, I had so much to be thankful for. All my families were all doing fine and in good health I had chances of being with them, although separately, we did not have problems with f inances and I was going to college. I am proud to have surpassed many of lifes trials even at an early age. The experience gave me strength and maturity to deal with the future. The blend of my personality, my skills, my love for nature and my experiences gave me my character. I know my character will lead me to success.

From her arrival in 1568, Mary Stuart posed a major threat to the security of Elizabeth and her government

bloody shames arrival in England triggered the discontent among some Catholic sympathisers to become prevalent, as Mary provided a clear leader to focus t inheritor religious dissatis accompanimentions with the moderately Protestant settlement imposed by Elizabeth. This is why religious motivations behind some of the laity were the nearly unreliable curse from Mary. semipolitical advantages from individuals supporting Mary are contri exactlyory factors to threaten Elizabeth, without the laitys religious motivations however they can non amount to a crucial significance.International implications from Marys heading were potentially huge but were never anything more than potential. All these factors revolving around Mary that threatened Elizabeth were compounded by the way Elizabeth mismanaged situations. Mary can be seen as the reaction pathway in the threat towards Elizabeth, she does not do much herself to endanger Elizabeth, however she provided the discontented with the moti vation to threaten Elizabeth because she was the next Catholic heir. Those who felt discontented about Elizabeths moderate Protestant settlement now had a clear leader to focus their ambitions of a Catholic England.The Northern confusion is a prime example of this religious discontent of many of the laity being focused on releasing Mary to remedy Catholicism to England (5600/6000 were individuals not tenants of the landowners who would have been forced into fighting). The reason why this is the paramount threat to Elizabeth is because of the number of people who had grievances a earnst the religion and saw Mary Stuart as the way to gain their religion back.Tied into this is the political danger of those Nobles who also had Catholic sympathies but were also in a position to challenge Elizabeth i. e. he Duke of Norfolk who was at a lower place demands from Mary Stuart to gain her bring out from prison by force if needed. Mary was always going to be the main centre of Catholic plo ts against Elizabeth because she was the heir to the throne. Catholic dissatisfactions were already play originally her arrival but were compounded and given direction with her arrival. Therefore Mary can be seen as the instigator behind the Catholic threat to Elizabeth. This is shown by the fact that until 1568 Elizabeth was relatively free from Catholic threats, however with the arrival of Mary Stuart the question of Elizabeths successor a nobblen and the Catholic plots began.Moreover with a Catholic heir to the throne available to the Catholics in England and then Elizabeths life was under increased threat. This is because the extreme Catholics were undoubtedly prepared to kill Elizabeth, their Queen, to gain their religion. After all their street to heaven or hell was envisionled by Elizabeth and if she got it wrong then they would not gain salvation. This personal threat to Elizabeth is shown by the St Bartholomews Day massacre, where French Catholics killed their Protest ant world power in the name of their religion.This threat is also emphasised by the assassination of William of Orange by Dutch Catholics. Mary behaves like a catalyst in the Catholic threat to Elizabeth, without her the plots that surrounded her would have no meaning because there is nobody to restore Catholicism for them. besides as Mary was in England then repeats of what had happened in France and Spain to Protestant leaders similar to Elizabeth could also happen. Politically Mary Stuart provides an alternative for those Nobles who were not content with their position under Elizabeth.Nobles who were isolated from power under Elizabeth may see supporting Mary Stuart as a way to gain power in court or getting back positions that they had disadvantaged under Elizabeth. Example of these nobles includes the Earl of Northumberland who under Elizabeth had his wardship of the Middlemarch deprived. This plan by Elizabeth to decrease the power of the magnates in the North had loosened the allegiance between Elizabeth and nobles such(prenominal) as Northumberland to such an extent that they saw taking a risk on Mary Stuart as being more advantageous than serving under Elizabeth an having their power and prestige slowly eaten away.Once again Mary has not done anything herself to threaten Elizabeth but inversely her position as heir to the throne has attracted supporters who are ordain to threaten Elizabeth, therefore Mary is the main pathway for Catholic threats. Tied in with the threats from isolated Nobles were the threats from within Elizabeths court involving Mary Stuart, which were also very dangerous to Elizabeth. The main court intrigue was the proposed marriage between the Duke of Norfolk and Mary Stuart. This faction came to be mainly because of the fact that they wanted Elizabeth to name Mary as her heir.However this faction contained many powerful Nobles, who it seemed were plotting against Elizabeth around Mary. International threats revolving around M ary Stuart were potentially huge, especially from Spain who at that time were the major Catholic leaders in Europe. In theory it would be thought that Spain would want to support Mary Stuart onto the position throne because of her Catholicism. However because Mary Stuart was in the Guise family who controlled France and Scotland, then Spain would quite an not have France effectively controlling England as well.Despite the disadvantages of Spain supporting Mary Stuart there are still examples of how Mary Stuarts presence in England gave rise to danger to the security of Elizabeths throne from Spainish involvement, nor could Elizabeth ignore this potentially massive threat. For example the Ridolfi Plot which once again aimed to secure Marys release and position on the English throne also included military assistance from Spain, however the plot was discovered and the troops did not come.Although the military did not come form Spain, Mary Stuarts qualities as a ruler i. e. she is Ca tholic, once again means that these international threats are going to see her as a means to weaken Elizabeth if not to replace her altogether. Foreign involvement centring around Elizabeth also came from France, after all Mary was half-French and therefore a clear motivation for France can be seen to control England as well. This is shown by the Throckmorton plot were the Duke of Guise was planning to lead an army to depose Elizabeth and place Mary on the throne.Although it failed it shows that Mary was the link between intimately all the people who felt unhappy with Elizabeths reign from the English laity in the North to some of the French Catholics. She united people who felt queer with Elizabeths reign and those who saw advantages from supporting Mary. The security of Elizabeths throne is definitely challenged here, although it does not go ahead, it is warning of what can happen, and foreign involvement from the leading two Catholic powers in Europe, i. e. Spain and France in supporting Mary Stuart cannot be taken lightly.Elizabeths mismanagement of situations that may have deflated the threats aimed towards her centring around Mary Stuart made them worse. Politically Elizabeth move to reduce the power of the magnates in the North by setting up councils. This alienated Nobles such as Northumberland from power and therefore distanced the Nobles allegiance to Elizabeth. This is a major factor in why the Revolt of the Northern Earls took place. This would not have been such a problem if not for the fact that Mary Stuart was present in England. She gave the isolated Nobles a chance to avenge their disfavour from Elizabeth.Elizabeth can also be identified in mismanaging the religious settlement to make some Catholics discontented enough to support Mary, a French women, over their own English Queen. To drive 5400 individuals to a smudge where they felt they had to rebel in the Northern rebellion must have been down to something Elizabeth did. For example El izabeth introduced the use of the Protestant prayer Book. Therefore Elizabeth created support for Mary Stuart with her own actions. This increases Marys threat and shows that the security of Elizabeths throne was intensify by some actions taken by Elizabeth.Elizabeth also hampered the security of her own throne by not taking the opportunities to subdue the threat from Mary. This could have slow been done by naming Mary Stuart as her heir, this would have pleased a lot of people and had a lot to commend itself. Including the fact that the Catholic threat, the main threat centring around Mary, would have decreased significantly because they would have been most likely been content with knowing that the next Monarch of England was going to restore Catholicism. However instead Elizabeth hesitated and refused to make her decision by ignoring the subject.For example during the court intrigue she refused to name her heir under significant pressure from her court. Once again Elizabeth has intensified the threat orbiting around Mary, not taking the opportunities to relieve the pressure that Mary is placing on the security of Elizabeths throne. Mary Stuarts threat to Elizabeth not only came from the fact that she was the Catholic heir but she did have tremendous political skill and personal magnetism. This is clear to see from the way she manipulated the Duke of Norfolk into trying to secure her release.For example before the Northern Rebellion when Mary met Norfolk and she old him to get her released by force if necessary and Norfolk undoubtedly did what he was told and was involved in a number of plots to release Mary. Cecil knew about Marys personal danger an tried to persuade Elizabeth to have her executed much earlier than she was, however Elizabeth refused, this is another example of how Elizabeths indecision over crucial matters failed to remove the danger of Mary Stuart and is clearly linked to her mismanagement of matters as shown above.Mary Stuarts arrival i n England was the instigator in many of the plots against Elizabeth. She was the turning point in the security of Elizabeths throne, from being relatively calm pre 1568, to continuous strain on Elizabeths throne after 1568. Mary herself was not the actual threat to Elizabeth, but she was the motivation for them. Most significantly religious threats orbiting around the fact that Mary was Catholic and placing Mary on the throne were paramount compared to all other motivations.Political factors were contributory to religion and international threats were conceivable but never got off the ground. However Marys overall threat could have been reduced by Elizabeth but of her mismanagement. nothing troubled Elizabeth more than Mary Stuart in her reign due to the fact that she was the Catholic heir and therefore Catholics who felt religiously dissatisfied were prompted to threaten Elizabeth.

Organizational Outputs Essay

In reviewing the article in reference to the Nadler-Tushman Congruence Model. Another extract from the article, struck me very potently in regards to the observed organization The bigger the gap mingled with the formal and informal systems within the organization, the less effective the organization is. This is from the Weisbords Six shock Model and this aspect is kinda app arnt in the organization observed. A negative output is one of the involvements that should be avoided, especially regarding consumers.An agreed statistic within m whatever a(prenominal) business marketing modules that a dissatisfied consumer will often tell more people than a satisfied consumer. A frustrating fact, however true. Outputs be those products which are dispensed from the organization. These throne include product, as already mentioned, the federal agency consumers are treated is another factor. Outputs also include, how the organization interacts with the environment. Technically an output is any factor that the organization puts out whether through marketing, whether intentionally or unintentionally.Consumer Satisfaction There is an old saying, You cant please people all of the time. In an organization where the internal culture is to never say no. Because, we have also heard the saying, The customer is al focal points right. An automatic conflict is built between consumer and employee. Someone, is usually wrong. And if a person is doing their job as required under organizational policy, the possibility of pleasing all of the people all of the time sustains quite low. However, in an organization pleasing every person is a near impossibility.In fact, I believe, it was Menecke who said, I dont know the sure way to success. I do know the sure way to failure, trying to please everyone all the time. Certainly a risk every organization aims is how to tell the consumer, no, while keeping that person as a consumer. Somewhat of a conundrum, as no one likes to hear the w ord no. This is where the earlier quote from Weisfords Six Box Model caught my particular attention. Faulty policy or the failure of an organization to uphold its own policy, creates extreme difficulties for strength.In the organization observed, a policy would be set forth, such as a limit to the type or number of courses a student could take in an eight week period. Personnel, following policy and even double checking policy with the Director would refuse the student as directed under policy. The tell policy would then be, completely undermined if the student decided to complain. In most cases, if not all, the student was allowed the exception to having policy overturned. When a incident such as this occurs on a recurring basis, morale is severely weakened.Personnel are not trusted to do their jobs with integrity. As well as the fact, that when policy is on a regular basis undermined, what then becomes the point of attempting to enforce any type of policy. Worse, the employee begins to give up altogether in performing their tasks with any independence. As the result is and has been personnel are wrong and can be completely overridden. The result is an organization without compass. And ultimately, in this organizational situation, it is the consumers that are hurt the worst.Personnel become surly and unwilling to help. after(prenominal) all, how can personnel be perceived as being helpful when every decision, no matter how small can be overturned? The situation becomes unbearable, and any attempt at creating consumer loyalty is lost. Policy should serve as that mechanism to provide the means toward providing consumer needs. When that attempt to follow policy is aeonianly undermined, the result, undoubtedly is weak, powerless leadership and an unwilling personnel to follow any policy that is developed.Personnel should be one of the most enthusiastic ambassadors to the community when representing the organization. The odd thing about serving the organiza tion in this way, is that a certain pride should be taken in the work one does. A continuous undermining of the personnels ability to do the job one has been hired to accomplish. This type of output creates a hostile atmosphere, distrust is built and maintained through this constant turmoil between management, personnel and consumers.Summary Only one type of output has been mentioned in this report. The reason being that personnel are crucial to the way consumers and the public perceive the function ability of an organization. A dissatisfied representative or employee becomes complacent and extremely unwilling to attempt new devices for serving the consumer. very much less becoming innovative in the process. Frustrating employees to the point of powerlessness, is not a recommended means toward the success of an organization.Another reason, I believe in the wideness of personnel and their ability is that most organizations neglect the fact that a sound, successful organization is b uilt on the competence of employees. Yet, this seems to have become the accepted methodology among many organizations, especially older organizations. A basic principle is that personnel are the most valuable investment an organization can make. Personnel, especially those in the front line are those that have the ability to positively affect a second most important resource, consumers.

Role of different Agency in my Socialization

Socialization is a term used to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society. Socialization is thus the means by which social and cultural continuity ar attained.Socialization armed services me learn to function successfully in my social worlds. How does the process of socialization occur? How do we learn to use the objects of our societys material elaboration? How do we come to adopt the beliefs, values, and norms that support its nonmaterial culture? This eruditeness takes place with interaction with various timents of socialization, like peer groups and families, plus both formal and informal social institutions.In for each one stage of my life there argon influences or agents of socialization who have an impact on my socialization and the messages of socialization macrocosm received. As I surface and advance in psy chosocial development, the agents flummox stronger or weaker in their capacity for influence. Early in my development, the family is, of course, the strongest agent, but I advances to pre give lessons age, programs or schools begin to exert influence. At school age, peers are active socialization agents. For the first eight old age, family, school, company, and peers play a constituent in the following aspects of a childs socialization The development of trustThe development of independence The tendency to take initiative The sense of competence and ambition Decisions just about who one is Relationships with an separate(prenominal)s Decisions about future generations Reflections on ones life Social groups often forget the first experiences of socialization. Families, and later peer groups, communicate expectations and reinforce norms. People first learn to use the tangible objects of material culture in these settings, as hygienic as being introduced to the beliefs and valu es of society.Family The family is the most important primary group in the society. It isthe simplest but most elementary form of the society. The meaning of the family can be explained better by the following definitions. M.F. Nimkoff says that Family is a much or less durable association of husband and wife with or without child, or of a serviceman or women alone with children. Burgess and Locke says that Family is a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption constituting a single household interacting and intercommunicating with each other in their respective social roles of husband and wife, father and mother, son and daughterFamily is the first agent of socialization. Mothers and fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus members of an extended family, all teach me what I guide to know. For example, they show me how to use objects (such(prenominal) as clothes, computers, eating utensils, books, bikes) how to relate to others (some as family, others as frie nds, still others as strangers or teachers or neighbors) and how the world attains (what is real and what is imagined). As you are aware, either from your own experience as a child or your role in helping to raise one, socialization involves instruct and skill about an unending array of objects and ideas. It is important to keep in mind, however, that families do not socialise us in a vacuum.Many social factors impact how a family raises its children. For example, we can use sociological imagination to recognize that individual behaviors are affected by the historical period in which they take place. Sixty years ago, it would not have been considered especially strict for a father to hit his son with a wooden spoon or a belt if he mis standd, but today that same action readiness be considered child abuse. Sociologists recognize that race, social class, religion, and other societal factors play an important role in socialization. For example, poor families usually emphasize obed ience and conformity when raising their children, while wealthy families emphasize judgment and creativity (National Opinion Research Center 2008).This may be because working-class parents have less education and more repetitive-task jobs for which the ability to follow rules and to conform helps. Wealthy parents tend to have better educations and often work in managerial positions or in careers that require creative problem solving, so they teach their children behaviors that would be beneficial in these positions. This means that children are effectively socialize and raised to take the typesof jobs that their parents already have, thus reproducing the class system (Kohn 1977). Likewise, children are socialized to abide by sexuality norms, perceptions of race, and class-related behaviors. In Sweden, for instance, stay-at-home fathers are an accepted part of the social landscape. A government policy provides subsidized time off work480 days for families with newbornswith the op tion of the paid leave being shared between both mothers and fathers.As one stay-at-home dad says, being home to take care of his baby son is a real fatherly thing to do. I think thats very masculine (Associated Press 2011). School Most Bangladeshi children spend about seven hours a day, clxxx days a year, in school, which makes it hard to deny the importance school has on our socialization. We are not only in school to study math, reading, science, and other subjectsthe manifest function of this system. Schools also serve a latent function in society by socializing children into behaviors like teamwork, following a schedule, and use textbooks.School and classroom rituals, led by teachers serving as role models and leaders, regularly reinforce what society expects from children.Sociologists describe this aspect of schools as the hidden curriculum, the informal teaching done by schools. For example, in the Bangladesh, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades ar e awarded and the way teachers evaluate students. When children participate in a relay race or a math contest, they learn that there are winners and losers in society. When children are required to work together on a project, they practice teamwork with other the great unwashed in cooperative situations. The hidden curriculum prepares children for the adult world. Children learn how to deal with bureaucracy, rules, expectations, waiting their turn, and sitting still for hours during the day.Schools in polar cultures socialize children differently in order to prepare them to function well in those cultures. The latent functions of teamwork and dealing with bureaucracy are features of American culture.Schools also socialize children by teaching them about citizenship and national pride. In the United States, children are taught to say the Pledge of Allegiance. Most districts require classes about U.S. history and geography. As faculty member mind of history evolves, textbooks in t he United States have been scrutinized and revised to update attitudes toward other cultures as well as perspectives on historical events thus, children are socialized to adifferent national or world history than earlier textbooks may have done. For example, information about the mistreatment of African Americans and Native American Indians more accurately reflects those events than in textbooks of the past.Peer group A peer group is made up of people who are similar in age and social experimental condition and who share interests. Peer group socialization begins in the earliest years, such as when I was kids on a playground teach younger children the norms about taking turns or the rules of a game or how to shoot a basket. As I grow into teenagers, this process continues. Peer groups are important to adolescents in a new way, as they begin to develop an identity separate from their parents and exert independence. Additionally, peer groups provide their own opportunities for social ization since kids usually engage in different types of activities with their peers than they do with their families. Peer groups provide adolescents first major socialization experience outside the realm of their families. Interestingly, studies have shown that although friendships rank high in adolescents priorities, this is equilibrise by parental influence.Religion While some religions may tend toward being an informal institution, this section focuses on practices related to formal institutions. Religion is an important boulevard of socialization for umpteen people. The United States is full of synagogues, temples, churches, mosques, and similar religious communities where people gather to worship and learn. Like other institutions, these places teach participants how to interact with the religions material culture (like a mezuzah, a prayer rug, or a communion wafer). For some people, important ceremonies related to family structurelike marriage and bloodare connected to rel igious celebrations. Many of these institutions uphold gender norms and contribute to their enforcement through socialization. From ceremonial rites of passage that reinforce the family unit, to power dynamics which reinforce gender roles, religion fosters a shared set of socialized values that are passed on through society.Mass media Mass media refers to the distribution of impersonal informationto a broad(a) audience, such as what happens via television, newspapers, radio, and the Internet. With the average person spending over four hours a day in front of the TV (and children averaging even more veil time), media greatly influences social norms (Roberts, Foehr, and Rideout 2005). I learn about objects of material culture (like new technology and transportation options), as well as nonmaterial culturewhat is true (beliefs), what is important (values), and what is expected (norms).Community Large social network that families can use as a support system is called community. It can consist of people who live in the same town, area, or even neighborhood Include a group of people who share the same values or interests such as religion, sports, etc. The communitys purpose in the socialization process Childrens first interactions with the local community is where community can help develop my identity (self-concept) and how I fit into the group setting (group identity). I can learn self- control, social skills and values of society when they are in these community based programs.Community Institutions School After school child care programs Churches Libraries Parks Support services offered by local agencies Example hospitals, police, fire departments, etc. BG the Tiger, Boys and Girls unify Mascot Religion and churches are vital institutions the communities. They serve various functions in the community.It can range from helping the homeless, to charity events, and going on field trips. This is a sober way for children to meet other children in their faith, and become active leaders in their community. Development and Socialization Children in community are exposed to many other children and learn the skills to play and be friends with them. They are also exposed to children from other cultures, ethnicities and socioeconomic backgrounds. Its important for children to have interaction with each other by playing, doing art projects and other various activities which they will learn to socialize better instead of staying home where their social interaction with other people is limited.All in all, community as socialization agent is a great way for children to interact with the community, find friends who also love the same activities as them, and most of all, learning about themselves and the social roles.If there werent any community programs or after school programs in the year 2008 then the lives of children and their family wouldbe very difficult. During this unfluctuating moving, flourishing time in the U.S. history we depend on the co mmunity programs and schools to help take care of our children. As for the saying, It takes a village (community) to raise a child, it means that we all need to take a part in help raising not only our children, but our neighbors children because they are our future and we need to help the children become positive adults. Law Law is one of the important agencies in my socialization. MYexperiences in interactions with police and other sub judice actors subtly shape their perceptions of the relation between individuals and society.These experiences influence the development of adolescents notions about law, rules, and agreements among members of society, and about the legitimacy of authority to deal fairly with citizens who violate societys rules. It is likely that these beliefs influence conformance with the law, both among adolescents in general and among juvenile offenders in particular, after they have been sanctioned for their offenses. Because one focus of the Networks activit y is on understanding influences on patterns of desistance or re-offending, we are concerned about youths understanding of and participation in legal processes that express societal norms, their assessments of the fairness of the process, and their views of the legitimacy of the law and the institutions that enforce it.Legal socialization, the process through which individuals acquire attitudes and beliefs about the law, has received only scant attention from those interested in adolescent development. It includes both affective components (e.g., the extent to which one feels fairly handle by representatives of the legal system, sometimes referred to as procedural justice) and substantive components (e.g., ones veridical beliefs about the legitimacy and fairness of the law). Legal socialization is critical in shaping adolescents perceptions of the law, rules, and agreements among members of society, as well as the legitimacy of authority to deal fairly with citizens who violate so cietys rules.Because the enforcement of law differs by neighborhood, children and adolescents growing up in neighborhoods of different social composition experience the law in very different ways. This Network project is a pilot study that assesses variation in legal socialization as a function ofadolescents neighborhood contexts. The study will measure differences by neighborhood in (1) the development of adolescents notions about the law (2) their understanding of and participation in legal processes that express societal norms (3) their assessments of the fairness of the process and (4) their views of the legitimacy of the law and the institutions that enforce it.The specific aims of this pilot study are to secern and measure interactions of children and adolescents with law and legal actors, estimate differences in these interactions by neighborhood, gender, race and age to describe developmental trajectories of legal socialization by neighborhood, gender, race and age to ass ess influence of interactions with legal actors on legal socialization, assess mediating effects of neighborhood, family, and individual factors and to develop methods and measures for a longitudinal study of legal socialization of adolescents.Arts and literary worksPerceptions and attitudes directly influence our interpretation of literature and are formed as a product of our socialization. We all carry a unique package of knowledge, memories, hopes and dreams. This rucksack acts as more than a depository of experiences it also serves as a foundation for our perspectives. Motivational speaker and author Stephen Covey said We are not human beings on a spiritual journey. We are spiritual beings on a human journey. Literature has the power to direct this journey, to open roads that might not be traveled, and perhaps to change ones path. In the process of socialization the literature has the power to ignite the imagination, express beliefs in a way that may not be heard otherwise, a nd form impressions. Like as, the poem, Banalota Sen of Jibonanondo Das, makes us to see how a lady could posses the natural beauty in its actual mean. Literature can unlock a door to new cultures and ideas, expose peoples of all different backgrounds to imaginary or actual situations, and make the impossible become real thus helps people on socialization.Role ModelA role model is a person whose behavior, example, or success is or can beemulated by others, especially by younger people. The term role model is credited to sociologist Robert K. Merton, who coined the phrase during his career. Merton hypothesized that individuals compare themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires. A persons chosen role models may have a considerable impact on their socialization. People try to act, behave and even try to lead their life according to their role model. In fact, the role model has a big impact on choosing their career.

Workplace Incivility

Select and complete one (1) of the following assessments from your text Box 8. 2 Workplace impudence Scale I selected this exercise since my organization recently had a change in leading at the highest levels. I thought to compare/contrast the rudeness Scale under the old and new regimes. I concentrated on my interactions with my superiors. Old Leadership New Leadership Put you down or was move to you? Yes. This was a frequent occurrence at staff No. meetings Paid little attention to your statement or Yes. This was a frequent occurrence at staff No. showed little interest in your opinion? meetings Made demeaning or derogatory remarks about you? No. The boss always disconnected his professional No. feelings from in the flesh(predicate) ones.He frequently would question you professional competence, but would not cross the line into a personal attack. Addressed you in unprofessional terms either Yes. This seems to be at odds with the above No. publically or pri vately? statement, but these did not seem to be a personal attack. Ignored or excluded you from professional No. This does not really slang in my situationNo. This does not really apply in my situation camaraderie? because of the differences in ranks. because of the differences in ranks. Doubted your theory on a matter over which Yes. Was very vocal about it during staff Yes.This hushed occurs at staff meetings, but you have responsibility? meetings. with a different tone. It is not so much a doubt in judgment, but much of an are you sure second check. Made unwanted attempts to draw you into a No. We never had this sort of relationship. No. We never had this sort of relationship. discussion of personal matters? As can be seen above, there have been a wholesale change in the leadership style in my organization. Everyone that has been promoted to a leadership go under has had to attend at least one Leadership Continuum (more likely, he has attended at least f ive). One of the core concepts that is taught is the theory to Praise in Public, put down in Private. It has constantly amazed me how many leaders never picked up on that lesson. I try to embrace that lesson with my subordinates in all of my interactions. With the new leadership in place, we seem to produce the same output as before, but with a higher morale level. The new boss still challenges your professional judgment to keep you on your toes, but it is accomplished in a far less confrontational manner. In conclusion, It seems as if the Incivility Scale for my organization has shifted significantly in the civil direction pic

Describe the ways in which swing music and popular culture Essay

There were many ways in which cast off music and popular culture were interrelated during the magazine known as the swing era. Jazz became the cornerstone of popular culture during the period known as the swing era. The swing era influenced c holehing styles, retail marketing, fashion, dance, and even language. Swing fans had their own clothing style and built a social phenomenon about it. With many dances coming and going the swing fans kept on dancing. Name some of the specific innovations Duke Ellington brought to jazz in the 1930s and 1940s. Duke Ellington brought some specific innovations to jazz in the 1930s and 1940s.Ellington was in time known as the greatest composer in jazz, he wrote roughly 2,000 compositions that had arranged from solo piano pieces, to works for orchestras, to highly symphonic concert music, etc. Ellington made a lot of changes to make the perfect sound, he used a variety of mutes on brass instruments to achieve to a greater extent interesting tonal eff ects, often gave melodies to instruments that were not typically melodic instruments, and he used cross- voiceal voicing. Ellington created an orchestra in the early 1940s which later became known as his Favorite Orchestra.Describe wherefore Count Basies rhythm section is called the first forward-looking rhythm section. Count Basies rhythm section is called the first modern rhythm section. Basie made the rhythm section to breathe which helped compliment instead of duplicate, as well as having the drummer Jo Jones who played the high hat cymbal style. With this Basie had created the All-American Rhythm section which was known at the first modern rhythm section because Basie had created such an amazing rhythm section to go with the rest of his band it was solid.Describe some of the reasons why the swing era began and why it came to an end. There were many reasons why the swing era had begun and why it had come to an end. The beginning of the swing era started from a band called the Benny Goodman Orchestra. They traveled around on tour to get a spot and had been denied, until their last stop in Los Angeles, CA. The Palomar Ballroom wanted to hear the music that had been broadcasting and this began the swing era. The swing era decided to collapse with a shocking suddenness, with bands all over closing up their bags and shutting down.The swing era had suddenly ended from changing economics, the war, predictability, the changing audience, and bebop all of this had ended what was known as the swing era. Describe how the styles of Lester new-fangled and Coleman Hawkins were diametrical. The styles from Lester Young and Coleman Hawkins were really different throughout the swing era. Hawkins and Young were two of the best tenor sax players that had emerged during the swing era. Considerably different, Hawkins played a huge dark sound, whereas Youngs was light and breathy.Some of the differences were as follows Hawkins improvisations were based on his superior know ledge of harmony, Youngs were rooted in the blues, Hawkins played with a rhythmic approach that was always closely laced to the beat, and Youngs rhythmic conception was much looser, and often untied to the beat. Although they had many differences, they inspired sax players for years to come. The arranging styles of Ellington and Basie are quite different when put next to each other to compare and contrast.In the song Take the A germinate by Duke Ellington the rhythm section of the band is very on point, and broad it is a stand out section and wants to make their point. They are very loud obnoxious and want to make you want to dance. For the iodine Oclock Jump by Count Basie the rhythm section is very low key and mellow, although very good and has a good beat, more of a song to have a mellow night to or to hangout and relax to. I prefer the song Take the A Train by Duke Ellington, because I like to dance and it more fits my personality of a loud and obnoxious fun song.

Microeconomic Theory Essay

1. Explain wherefore society faces a trade-off surrounded by expending goods and slap-up goods. decree is faced with trade off between consumption goods and chief city goods in that choices argon scarce, and so it has to echtise choices based on the opportunity costs of benefiting from consumption at present or having a greater level of consumption tomorrow through investment in capital goods.2. manage between lordly and comparative advantage. Absolute advantage refers to that trade, which is not reciproc exclusivelyy favorable as opposed to a proportional trade, where trade is reciprocally favorable. 3. Explain the Law of Demand. The law of demand states that as the harm of a service of process or good emergences, consumer demand for the service or good impart accrue and vice versa, provided all some other factors confront constant. 4. Explain the Law of Supply The law of render states that as the price of a service or good appends, the quantity of serve or g oods campaignered by suppliers increases and vice versa, provided all the factors remain constant. 5. Explain the effects of price ceilings.It is a kind of regime measure, where it fixes a confines on the price to be charged on a carrefour. Effective price ceiling must be contrasting from the free commercialize price. A price ceiling positioned below the free market price forget put suppliers in a state where they undersurface no longstanding charge what they had been charging, for that specific product. This allow for force some suppliers to move out of the market, hence reduction in the quantity produced. On the other side quantity demanded leave behind increase for the same product because consumers atomic number 18 able to buy at a pooh-pooh price.Since quantity demanded exceeds quantity produced, a rookage go out occur and it will ensue to non-price competition 6. Explain the effects of price floors. It is a kind of administration measure where it imposes a li mit on the lowest price that can be charged on a product and for it to be effective it must be set high than the symmetry price. When the price floor is position above the market equilibrium price, consumers observe that they now absorb to pay a higher price for that ill-tempered product.Suppliers, on the other part argon ensured higher price than what they were charging before. This has the effect of increasing turnout, hence trim supply of the product in the market. Thus to maintain price floor over a longer period, the government will be forced to take action to subdue the excess supply 7. ramify between private goods and public goods and explain the nature of the free-rider problem. Private goods are the kind of goods whose profits, are indivisibly roundize over the whole community, even if the individuals do not desire to purchase it.While private goods refers to the ones that are divisible and can be provided sepa valuately to various individuals, without external c osts or benefits to others. Positive externalities that are not remunerated normally result from the production of public goods. When private organizations are not getting all the profits of a public good that they ingest produced, there will be no sufficient incentives to produce it voluntarily. Hence, consumers will take advantage of public goods without sufficiently contributing to their production. point out between average tax rates and bare(a) tax rates. Average tax rate refers to the lend tally of taxes paid divide by income. It shows the sum of tax paid per dollar in truthise mend marginal tax rate refers to the income tax rate paid on the last dollar of income earned 9. Distinguish between average tax rates and marginal tax rates. Average tax rate refers to the total amount of taxes paid divide by income. It shows the sum of tax paid per dollar earned darn marginal tax rate refers to the income tax rate paid on the last dollar of income earned10. Explain the structu re of the US income tax system. The structure of US tax system is very labyrinthian one that entails payment to at least four various levels of government and many ways of taxation. US taxation comprises local government possibly consisting of one or more of township, municipal, county and district governments. It may withal embrace regional entities like school and utility and transit districts as well as incorporating federal government and state 11. take in how prices indexes are calculated and define the key types of price indexesPrice indexes refers to a standardized average or a weighted average of prices for a habituated category of services and goods in a given place, over a given intermission of time Types of price indexes let in consumer price index, producer price index and GDP deflator 12. Distinguish between nominal and real pursuance rates. Nominal interest is the rate of interest prior to adjustment for fanfare in contrast to real interest rate and it encompass es all three risk factors plus the time cling to of money in contrast to real interest rate, which includes only systematic and regulatory risks.Generally, real interest rate is partake to nominal interest rate minus inflation and currency adjustment. 13. pick out the circular flow of income and output. The circular flow of income and output shows joint flow of income between consumers and producers. The mutually supporting entities of consumers and producers, referred to as households and firms respectively liberty chit each other with factors to facilitate the easy flow of income. Firms supply consumers with services and goods in exchange for consumer spending and factors of production from the household. 14. Define gross domestic product (GDP).Gross domestic product is the total market value of all the final services and goods produced within a country over a given period. 15. Define economic growth. Economic growth refers to the sturdy process by which the productive capaci ty of the miserliness is increased over time to produce growing levels of national income and output 16. Discuss the fundamental factors that go to a nations economic development. Policies of national development need to be formulate in conformity with national needs, development priorities and conditions and should focus on the lessons erudite from decades of development.International cooperation in the formulation and murder of macroecomic policies need to be reinforcing with an analysis to enhancing greater lucidity and consistency of domestic policies and in so doing reinforcing their effectiveness. 17. advert the effect of economic growth on the long-run conflate supply plication. Economic growth will cause the aggregate supply curve to shift. Positive economic growth will lead to increase in productive resources that will make it possible to produce more final services and goods, thence the natural level of real GDP increases.Positive economic growth will make the LAS c urve to shift to the right and vice versa 18. Discuss the meaning of the long-run equilibrium for the economy as a whole. Long run equilibrium refers to where the aggregate demand and long run aggregate supply curves intersect. bring around is fixed and the price level is variable in the long- run. Thus increases in aggregate demand leads to higher prices and vice versa 19. Discuss the exchange assumptions of the classical model.The central assumptions of classical model are that it assumes that economic agents posses unadulterated in constitution and the markets are characterized by perfectly flexible proceeds and prices. The result of these assumptions if functional on the piteous run with fixed capital stock is that output is dogged by independent supply factors 20. Describe the short-run determination of equilibrium real GDP and the price level in the classical model. The aggregate supply-aggregate demand is the fundamental macroeconomic tool for studying output variations and the resolve of the price level and inflation rate.The intersection of the aggregate demand and supply curves determines the economys equilibrium price level and equilibrium real domestic output 21. Distinguish between saving and savings and explain how saving and consumption are related. Saving refers to that process of constantly putting aside a sum of money while savings is that income received by a consumer not used in the output of firms through spending. savings and consumption can be related in the equation where income is equal to the sum of savings and use (consumption) 22.Identify the primary determinants of planned investment. The primary determinants of a planned investment include the expected return from investments, the taxation of returns, the cost of capital in relation to interest rate and the ease of use of savings to meet investments 23. Discuss ways in which indirect crowding out and direct expenditures offsets can reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy actions. Inflation has an indirect outcome on international competitiveness. As prices increase, products tend to be more expensive relative to orthogonal products.This will result to reduced demand for exports as compared to imports. Net export being a parameter of aggregate demand will contracts GDP and partially offsets the expansionary fiscal policy. Expansionary fiscal policy makes interest rates to increase because the government must borrow to finance the increased deficit. The government raises revenues through taxes or borrowing. Hence, as the interest increases, private investment decreases. In the short run, it will decrease private investment demand, a parameter of aggregate demand and this will efficaciously lower GDP.Describe how certain aspects of fiscal policy function as automatic stabilizers for the economy. Automatic stabilizers are programs that automatically increase fiscal policy during recessions and contract it during booms. Unemployment insurance is an exe mplar of automatic stabilizer in that the government spends more money for the period of recessions when unemployment rate is high. Equally, taxes are roughly proportional to profits and wages hence, the size of taxes collected is higher during boom than recession. 25. Explain how federal government budget deficits occur. national government deficit occurs when it pays out more money than it can receive 26. Define the public debt and understand ersatz measures of the public debt. Public debt refers to the credit or money owed by any echelon of government federal government, central government and municipal government or local government. The debt is seen as an absolute number and can therefore measured as a percentage of the GDP. Alternatively, it can be measured by the amount owed in any given year. 27. Define the fundamental functions of money.Money can be described in harm of its core functions that are it act as a medium of exchange, store of value and as a unit of grade. 28. Identify key properties that any good that functions as money must possess. Properties of money is that it should be able to serve as (1) means of exchange (2) a enumerative (3)a source of liquidity and (4) store of value 29. Describe how the national backup assesses reserve requirements on banks and other depository institutions. The reserve requirement is a bank rule that puts the minimum militia each bank must hold to customer notes and deposits.The reserves are meant to assure withdrawal demands. Federal Reserve approval is essential to begin any foreign banking institution in the US. Foreign banks need acquire regulatory approval from the OCC or the state banking executive program when establishing new branches and agencies. Banks that are federally licensed must deposit cash or suitable securities at approved depository to convince the capital equivalency requirements specified by the IBA 30. Explain why the money supply changes when someone deposits in a depository insti tution a check drawn on the Federal Reserve System.The Federal Reserve buys and sells government securities. These, increases or decreases banks capabilities of making loans. This equally decreases or increases interest rates. If Federal Reserve sells a stupefy, an institution or individual buys the bond with a debit on their account and transfers the funds to the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve removes an equivalent amount from the bank reserve of the customer. The bank will then take outside(a) the equivalent amount from the customers account who bought the bond. This will decrease money supply and increase interest rates.The trend changes when the Federal Reserve decides to buy a bond 31. Identify the key factors that influence the quantity of money that people desire to hold. Motives for holding money, which can be expressed as factors that influence people to hold money, are transaction motives, precautionary motives and speculative motives 32. Describe how the Federal R eserves Tools of monetary policy influence market interest rates. The Federal Reserve buys and sells government securities. These increases or decreases banks capabilities of making loans. This equally decreases or increases interest rates.If Federal Reserve sells a bond, an institution or individual buys the bond with a debit on their account and transfers the funds to the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve then removes an equivalent amount from the bank reserve of the customer. The bank will then take away the equivalent amount from the customers account who bought the bond. This will decrease money supply and increase interest rates. The trend changes when the Federal Reserve decides to buy a bond 33. Explain why the real(a) unemployment might depart from the natural rate of unemployment.The departure of the natural and actual rates of unemployment is a subscribe to of the business cycle. The stages when actual unemployment exceeds the natural unemployment are times of recess ion or early stages of economic recovery. The stages when actual rate is below the natural are times of a booming economy 34. Describe why there may be an reverse relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate, reflected by the Phillips curve. The inverse relationship in the Philips curve can be explained well when you consider that with high unemployment laborers would accept lower wages and this would reduce firms cost.High wages bring about high inflation and the lower the rate of unemployment, the higher the rate of inflation and vice versa. 35. Explain why tribe growth can have uncertain effect on economic growth. There is no clear-cut explanation of the effect of population growth on economic growth. It can be argued that high population growth creates pressures on contain natural resources, decreases public and private capital formation and redirects counts to maintaining relative to increasing the stock of capital per worker. It can also have affirmativ e effects like economies of scale and specialization.Describe how government inefficiencies have contributed to the understructure of relatively large quantities of dead capital in the worlds developing nations. Government poor policies make capital investment impossible. The government tends to involve in the production of consumption goods that are less important. The rate at which the economy can absorb extra human capital is low and therefore it leaves the available resource idle. The government is also not receptive to new technology whish is important in the formation of capital.Discuss the worldwide importance of international trade. International trade is very crucial for the development of a country in that it expands the choices that could otherwise been limited to what can be produced locally. Thus, countries can access goods and services inexpensively from abroad. Labor can also be obtained cheaply in some countries. Cheap labor reduces production costs and this will h ave effect to low prices to the final product. Therefore, countries can import final product at a much lower price compared to when produced locally where labor is very expensive.Explain why nations can gain from specializing in production and engaging in international trade. A country specializing in the production of goods which it has comparative advantage will profit and it will trade for goods which it does not have comparative advantage. Therefore, free trade will make a country to use its resources efficiently. Efficient use of resources will increase the amount of goods available for production and consumption. Hence, the benefits of trade will be the outcome of specialization 39. Distinguish between the balance of trade and the balance of payments.The balance refers to discrepancy between a countys exports and imports and it is the major part of a countrys balance of payments, which is an accounting report of the economic transactions that have taken place stuck between th e inhabitants of one country and the inhabitants of other country over a particular period. 40. Identify the key accounts within the balance of payments. Key accounts within the balance of payments are current account, capital account and financial account.ReferencesAriel, R. Lecture Notes in Microeconomic Theory The Economic Agent. New York Princeton University Press, 2006

Life of Quaid E Azam After Independence

QUAID-E-AZAMS LIFE AFTER THE INDEPENDENCE GOVERNOR-GENERAL Jinnah became the root G overnor-Gen epochl of Pakistan and president of its constituent assembly. Inaugurating the assembly on August 11, 1947, Jinnah mouth of an inclusive and pluralist democracy promising equal sets for both citizens regardless of religion, caste or creed. This address is a cause of much debate in Pakistan as, on its basis, many claim that Jinnah wanted a secular state while supporters of Islamic Pakistan assert that this speech is being taken out of context when compared to a nonher(prenominal) speeches by him.We should have a state of matter in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic elevateable justice could find free play. The ability of Governor-General was ceremonial, but Jinnah also assumed the lead of government. The first months of Pakistans independence were absorbed in expiration th e intense violence that had arisen in the wake of acrimony between Hindis and Islamics. Jinnah agreed with Indian leaders to uthoriz a swift and secure exchange of populations in the Punjab and Bengal.He visited the border regions with Indian leaders to calm people and gain peace, and uthorize large-scale refugee camps. Despite these efforts, estimates on the death toll vary from around two hundred thousand, to over a million people. The estimated number of refugees in both countries exceeds 15 million. The then capital city of Karachi sawing machine an explosive increase in its population owing to the large encampments of refugees, which in person affected and depressed Jinnah.In his first visit to East Pakistan, under the advice of local party leaders, Jinnah stressed that Urdu alone should be the dry landal lecture a policy that was strongly opposed by the Bengali people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). This opposition grew afterwards(prenominal) he controversi everyy d escribed Bengali as the language of Hindus. Jinnah uthorized force to achieve the annexation of the august state of Kalat and suppress the insurgency in Baluchistan.He controversially accepted the accession of Junagadha Hindu-majority state with a Muslim ruler located in the Saurashtra peninsula, some 400 kilometres (250 mi) southeast of Pakistanbut this was annulled by Indian intervention. It is unclear if Jinnah planned or knew of the tribal invasion from Pakistan into the kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, but he did sling his private secretary Khurshid Ahmed to observe developments in Kashmir.When informed of Kashmirs accession to India, Jinnah deemed the accession illegitimate and ordered the Pakistani army to enter Kashmir. However, Gen. Auchinleck, the supreme commander of all British officers informed Jinnah that while India had the right to send troops to Kashmir, which had acceded to it, Pakistan did not. If Jinnah persisted, Auchinleck would remove all Briti sh officers from both sides. As Pakistan had a greater simile of Britons holding senior command, Jinnah cancelled his order, but protested to the United Nations to intercede. The New AwakeningAs a result of Jinnahs ceaseless efforts, the Muslims rouse from what Professor Baker calls (their) unreflective silence (in which they had so complacently basked for long decades), and to the spiritual essence of earthality that had existed among them for a pretty long time. Roused by the impact of successive Congress hammerings, the Muslims, as Ambedkar (principal author of independent Indias Constitution) says, searched their social apprisedness in a desperate attempt to find coherent and meaningful articulation to their precious yearnings.To their great relief, they discovered that their sentiments of nationality had flamed into nationalism. In addition, not only had they developed the will to live as a nation, had also endowed them with a territory which they could occupy and make a St ate as well as a cultural home for the newly discovered nation. These two pre-requisites, as laid down by Renan, provided the Muslims with the intellectual justification for claiming a distinct nationalism (apart from Indian or Hindu nationalism) for themselves.So that when, after their long pause, the Muslims gave expression to their innermost yearnings, these turned out to be in favor of a separate Muslim nationhood and of a separate Muslim state. Demand for Pakistan We are a nation We are a nation, they claimed in the ever eloquent words of the Quaid-i-Azam. We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and lesson code, customs and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life.By all canons of international law, we are a nation. The formulation of the Muslim demand for P akistan in1940had a formidable impact on the nature and course of Indian politics. On the one hand, it shattered for ever the Hindu dreams of a pseudo-Indian, in fact, Hindu empire on British exit from India on the other, it heralded an era of Islamic renaissance and creativity in which the Indian Muslims were to be active participants. The Hindu reaction was quick, bitter, malicious.Equally contrasted were the British to the Muslim demand, their hostility having stemmed from their belief that the unity of India was their main achievement and their foremost contribution. The jeering was that both the Hindus and the British had not anticipated the astonishingly tremendous response that the Pakistan demand had elicited from the Muslim masses. Above all, they failed to realize how a hundred million people had suddenly become supremely conscious of their distinct nationhood and their high destiny.In channelling the course of Muslim politics towards Pakistan, no less than in directing it towards its motion in the establishment of Pakistan in1947, non played a more decisive role than did Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. It was his powerful advocacy of the case of Pakistan and his remarkable strategy in the delicate negotiations, that followed the formulation of the Pakistan demand, particularly in the post-war period, that made Pakistan inevitable. nausea AND DEATH The Funeral of Jinnah in 1948. Tomb of M. A.Jinnah in Karachi, Pakistan Through the 1940s, Jinnah suffered from tuberculosis only his sister and a hardly a(prenominal) others close to him were aware of his condition. In 1948, Jinnahs health began to f interpolate, hindered further by the heavy workload that had fall upon him following Pakistans independence from British Rule. Attempting to recuperate, he spent many months at his official withdraw in Ziarat. According to his sister, he suffered a hemorrhage on September 1, 1948 doctors verbalize the altitude was not good for him and that he shoul d be taken to Karachi. Jinnah was flown back to Karachi from Quetta.Jinnah died at 1020 p. m. at the Governor-Generals domicile in Karachi on 11 September 1948, just over a year after Pakistans independence. It is said that when the then Viceroy of India, Lord Louis Mountbatten, learned of Jinnahs ailment he said had they known that Jinnah was about to die, theyd have postponed Indias independence by a few months as he was being inflexible on Pakistan. Jinnah was buried in Karachi. His funeral was followed by the construction of a large mausoleumDina Wadia remained in India after independence, before ultimately settling in New York City.Jinnahs grandson, Nusli Wadia, is a large industrialist residing in Mumbai. In the 19631964 elections, Jinnahs sister Fatima Jinnah, known as Madar-e-Millat (Mother of the Nation), became the presidential medical prognosis of a coalition of political parties that opposed the rule of President Ayub Khan, but lost the election. The Jinnah House in Malabar Hill, Bombay, is in the possession of the Government of India but the issue of its ownership has been disputed by the Government of Pakistan.Jinnah had personally requested Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to preserve the house and that one day he could harvest to Mumbai. There are proposals for the house be offered to the Government of Pakistan to establish a consulate in the city, as a goodwill gesture, but Dina Wadia has also laid claim to the property. Recently she has been involved in litigation regarding Jinnah House claiming that Hindu Law is applicable to Jinnah as he was a Khoja Shia. LEGACY Few individuals significantly alter the course of history.Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three. Pakistanis view Jinnah as their revered founding father, a man that was dedicated to safeguarding Muslim interests during the dying eld of the British Raj. Despite any of a range of biases, it almost impossible to doubt, despite motive and manner, that on that point is any figure that had more influence and role in the creation of Pakistan than Jinnah. The End

Hanging (Out) with the Masters

At first glance, it is sluttish to think that not much is happening in Mark Kostabis abeyance with the Masters. We get to simultaneously view practises of art from various art movements as they dangle motionlessly from their taut strings. E actuallything is occasional and serene against the sky blue background, the threat of gravity underneath disappears, and even the anonymous human var. tied to a noose by the neck has surrendered. Whatever was supposed to happen in the photo has already happened. No action is caught. This is the state in which we find things because we absorb unfortunately arrived late.This app arent insufficiency of motion is what makes wall hanging with the Masters so busy. By kidnapping an assortment of works of humanities, miniaturizing and tying them in place to become manageable spectacles ( clear motion pictures within a present-day painting), Mark Kostabi has converged, or to a greater extent appropriately eroded, time and space. There is no nost algia for the kidnapped paintings at each(prenominal) be spots a matter-of-factness. Very postmodern. taken out of their contexts and arranged in a whole new landscape, the works of arts inside the painting call attention to themselves. Each unrivaled of them competes for our attention.Even if we recognize only one of the paintings/mobiles/cartoon character Hanging with the Masters blatantly references, we keep mum get the feeling a kidnapping has happened. Something has been violated and celebrated at the same time. The verb hang takes on two means Hang a picture, Hang a person. As if palm tree and decoration are the same thing. And Mark Kostabi is unapologetic. DEAD MAN PERFORMING In the middle of it all, thither is the faceless, sexless artist with the paintbrush pointing d deliverwards, the hanged human,all red (red-faced, red-bellied, and red-handed) from an unseen light source. It is as if he/she has failed a mission.In the sample The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanic al Reproduction, Walter Benjamin tells us that Mankinds self-alienation has r for each oneed such a peak that it sack up experience its own destruction as an aesthetic pleasure of the first order (681). after exhausting every possible medium and proceeds of art, from Campbells soup cans to elephant dung, we only have to process to ourselves next, explore and defy the thresholds of our own body and mind, as if they are the next frontier to turn into art. full-strength enough, the hanged artist in Hanging with the Masters is engrossed in his/her own performance art. He/she is both(prenominal) a worst and fair game.If in modernism the subject is a rational, individualistic, responsible, unified self, in postmodernism, that subject is dead (Chernus, Fredric Jamesons Interpretation of Postmodernism, par. 7). What replaces is an identity that must be conceived as an intersection of conflicting subject positions (Collins 337). Kostabis hanged artist is neither male nor female. We c ant tell if he/she is just performing dead. We are not sure if his/her execution was forced or self-willed. If this were punishment, we preceptort know what the blurt out was. We arent even sure if he/she really is a painter, or just someone with a good grip on the paintbrush.Like a true postmodern subject, everything close to the hanged artist is open to speculation. genius thing we are sure of though is that now he/she has laid claim to being a work of art. And who doesnt want to be a work of art, a shiny spectacle, in our YouTube extension? MEETING HALFWAY Hanging with the Masters instantly inherits timelessness just because it gathers samples of classic works of arts all in one place. Whats more is that these works of arts are tied in place. As if we are looking at a museum wall and the theme is A Very on the spur of the moment History of Art.Hanging with the Masters cleverly showcases pagan artifacts of the past (a nude, a cartoon character, a Warhol- entitle portrait, a mobile, an op-art painting), and at the same time it gives a commentary on those cultural artifacts. According to Jim Collins, the past is not just accessed but hijacked, given an entirely different cultural significance than the antecedent text had when it first appeared (333). In postmodernism, such highly self-conscious forms of appropriation and rearticulation have been used by postmodern painters, photographers and performance artists (335).But because they have been hijacked, the works of art have lost their aura and quality of presence, terms which Walter Benjamin uses to bring out the authority of the original work of art that is not yet reproduced or recopied (667). For Benjamin, this diminishing aura of the work of art every time it is reproduced or finds itself in a different context (Edvard Munchs screaming man in a mousepad, for example) is okay because it enables the original to meet the beholder halfway (667). Also, concord to Benjamin, it is perfectly natural a nd okay for cultural artifacts to lose their original intentions and change into something else.His example is that of an ancient statue of Venus. For the Greeks, it was an object of veneration, but for deal in the Middle Ages, it became an ominous idol (669). Both of them, however, were equally confronted with its uniqueness, that is, its aura (Benjamin 669). What we see now in Kostabis painting are works of art that are classic examples of the art movements they are part of. They are works of arts that are exclusively tied to a genre, tied in place in the paintings unseen ceiling, just like the hanged artist. If at that place is all aura left, it is only a memory of that aura as we try to identify each work of art.Yet, ironically enough, Hanging with the Masterss style itself is tied to the surrealist art movement. The painting itself cannot chip the same bonds which have taken the other paintings as captives. But of course, this is okay. Everything in postmodernism is okay, a nd things are not judged base on whether they are good or bad, but only whether they work for us. According to Chernus a cultural artifact is now just a random collection of signs momentarily existing side by side, ready to change at any moment into another random collection. So it cannot point beyond itself to any meaning.It cannot represent any reality outside itself. It cannot even raise the question of its relationship to any reality outside itself. It refers only to itself it is its own referent. Since the signs are not supposed to relate to anything beyond themselves, it makes no sense to ask what they mean. So the problem of meaning simply disappears. (Chernus, par. 19). THE MEANINGLESSNESS OF IT ALL The meaninglessness of postmodernism can be depressing but thats what is happening right now. The millions of YouTube video clips uploaded every day dont have to make sense at all, but we enjoy watching them all the same.The more stupid and the more disgusting, the better. YouT ube has given us a platform where we can be our own celebrities, our own artists, our own works or arts, where we can be viewed by millions other simultaneously. And we all wish wed get lots of hits every day. Just like the hanged paintings in Hanging with the Masters, we try to be frightful so we can be worthy of being looked at. Underneath it all, just like the paintings, we are all just competing for each others attention. Maybe we can call each YouTube clip a cultural artifact in its own right. They, after all, tell a narrative.They tell us a little something about the person who uploaded it. They tell us that at one point in time, somewhere in the human race, this person took the trouble of recording a clip of himself/herself, never mind the ulterior motive. Sure, for a cultural artifact, it may be fleeting, and it is not even tangible, but as each footage weaves into the next one and a medley of voices occur and we are overwhelmed by the sheer number of people out at that p lace in the world, a whole community our parents parents never knew existed back then, we lose the urge to explain things or make sense of them.We simply turn on our curiosity and enjoy the fact that all these are happening right here right now. As Chernus has said above, there is no reliable meaning anymore and there is no point in finding the relationships of things. It is quite possible then that Hanging with the Masters is really, at the end of the day, meaningless. That, really, it is just a collection of images randomly picked. If the audience recognizes one or two paintings embedded in Hanging with the Masters, then theyre lucky and good for them.That will hit a new layer to whatever meaning they decide to put into it. If not, then the painting is still nice, and deep, and mysterious, still very marketable. Which is the fate of cultural artifacts in late capitalism to become commodities in an everything-is-for-sale world (Chernus, par. 7). It is okay to not find or force any connections among the images trapped inside Kostabis painting, or even reunite them with other images outside the realm of the painting.For Chernus, the postmodern way is to accept the images living side by side in an ever-changing kaleidoscope (Chernus, par 26). In this postmodern world where diversity is very much welcome, Hanging with the Masters, as a present-day cultural artifact, makes a strong statement about harmony. In the end, its not just about works of art with clashing differences in style and opinion and meanings being able to coexist peacefully in a single canvas. Substitute people for works of art in the sentence and you get the bigger picture.